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National Electoral List
The national electoral list (commonly referred to as the national list) was a national list comprising 35 candidates for the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic's 10th term during the first round of 1989 Polish parliamentary election. It included representatives from the highest state and party authorities associated with the Polish United Workers' Party and its satellite groups, as well as social organizations controlled by the party. In the voting held on 4 June 1989, only two candidates from the list secured parliamentary mandates. The defeat of the remaining candidates – among them Prime Minister Mieczysław Rakowski, members of the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party, and key figures like Ministers Czesław Kiszczak and Florian Siwicki, as well as leaders of the Alliance of Democrats (Poland), Alliance of Democrats and the United People's Party (Poland), United People's Party – resulted in most ruling bloc leaders being excluded from parliament. This outcome was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish People's Republic
The Polish People's Republic (1952–1989), formerly the Republic of Poland (1947–1952), and also often simply known as Poland, was a country in Central Europe that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic Republic of Poland. With a population of approximately 37.9 million near the end of its existence, it was the second most-populous communist government, communist and Eastern Bloc country in Europe. It was also where the Warsaw Pact was founded. The largest city and capital was Warsaw, followed by the industrial city of Łódź and cultural city of Kraków. The country was bordered by the Baltic Sea to the north, the Soviet Union to the east, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Czechoslovakia to the south, and East Germany to the west. The Polish People's Republic was a unitary state with a Marxist–Leninist government established in the country after the Red Army's takeover of Polish territory from Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), German occupation in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kazimierz Barcikowski
Kazimierz Barcikowski (; 22 March 1927 – 10 July 2007) was a Polish politician. As a member of Polish United Workers Party, he served on the Central Committee of the Party and on the Political Bureau. Among his other posts were those of deputy to Sejm and minister of agriculture. Barcikowski served as head of government negotiations with striking workers in Szczecin in 1980 and was one of four deputy chairmen of the Polish Council of State from 1985 to 1989. Biography Son of Jan and Stefania. During World War II he fought in the Home Army. In 1949 he graduated from the Higher School of Rural Economy in Łódź, in 1966 he obtained a doctorate in economics at the Higher School of Social Sciences at the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party. In 1946 he joined the Union of Rural Youth of the Republic of Poland Wici, and later the Union of Polish Youth. He was the organizational manager of the provincial board of Wici (1947–1948) and ZMP (1948–1949) in Łó ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polski Związek Katolicko-Społeczny
Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Polish people, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken * Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwriters * Kevin Polish, an American Paralympian archer Polish may refer to: * Polishing, the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing or chemical action ** French polishing, polishing wood to a high gloss finish * Nail polish * Shoe polish * Polish (screenwriting), improving a script in smaller ways than in a rewrite See also * * * Polishchuk (surname) * Polonaise (other) A polonaise ()) is a stately dance of Polish origin or a piece of music for this dance. Polonaise may also refer to: * Polonaises (Chopin), compositions by Frédéric Chopin ** Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53 (, ''Heroic Polonaise''; ) * Polon ... {{Disambiguation, surname Language and nationality disambiguation pages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Józef Czyrek
Józef Czyrek (20 July 1928 – 3 June 2013) was a Polish politician who served as the minister of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of Poland from 1980 to 1982. Early life and education Czyrek was born in Białobrzegi, in the Lwów Voivodeship of Poland, in 1928. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in economics from Jagiellonian University in 1950. Career Czyrek began his career as a researcher at Jagiellonian University and Cracow University of Economics. In 1952 he joined the ministry of foreign affairs. He was a member of the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' party to which he joined in 1955. He served as the counsel in Belgrade (1962–1968) and deputy director as well as director of studies and programming department at the ministry of foreign affairs (1969–1971). He was the deputy minister of foreign affairs until August 1980. He was appointed minister of foreign affairs in August 1980, replacing Emil Wojtaszek in the post. In 1981 he was named as the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanisław Ciosek
Stanisław Józef Ciosek (2 May 1939 – 19 October 2022) was a Polish diplomat and politician. A member of the Polish United Workers' Party, he served in the Sejm from 1972 to 1985. He was Minister of Labor and Social Policy from 1983 to 1984 and from 1980 to 1985. Lastly, he served as Poland Ambassador to Russia from 1989 to 1996. Ciosek died on 19 October 2022, at the age of 83. Awards and decorations * Commander's Cross with Star of Order of Polonia Restituta (2005) * Commander's Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta * Knight's Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta * Officer's Cross of Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (Lithuania, 1999) * Commander of Order for Merits to Lithuania (Lithuania, 2003) * Order of the White Star The Order of the White Star (; ) was instituted in 1936. The Order of the White Star is bestowed on Estonian citizens and foreigners to give recognition for services rendered to the Estonian state. Design Classes The Order of the W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Committee Of The Polish United Workers' Party
Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party (, KC PZPR) was the central ruling body of the Polish United Workers' Party, the dominant political party in the People's Republic of Poland (1948-1990). Functions Members of the Committee convened about every four months. The Committee elected representatives to various bodies, among which the most important was the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party, which took actions between the conventions. Leaders By the year 1954 the head of the party was the Chair of the Central Committee. They ''de facto'' replaced the abolished position of the President of Poland: * Secretary General Bolesław Bierut (December 22, 1948 – March 12, 1956) * First Secretary Edward Ochab (March 20, 1956 – October 21, 1956) * First Secretary Władysław Gomułka (October 21, 1956 - December 20, 1970) * First Secretary Edward Gierek (December 20, 1970 – September 6, 1980) * First Secretary Stanisław Kania (September 6, 1980 – October 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Władysław Baka
Władysław Baka (24 March 1936 – 3 March 2021) was a Polish economist, politician, and banker. He was a in the Council of Ministers, President of the National Bank of Poland from 1985 to 1988 and again from 1989 to 1991, and served on the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1988 to 1989. Biography The son of Władysław and Marta, Baka graduated from the at the University of Warsaw in 1958. He obtained a doctoral degree in 1971, became an associate professor in 1977, and a full professor in 1989. From 1975 to 1981, he supervised the of the Polish Academy of Sciences. In 1955, Baka joined the Polish United Workers' Party and served on its Central Committee. From 1972 to 1973, he headed the committee's propaganda department and subsequently worked in its economic departments. From 1981 to 1985, he was a minister without portfolio in the Council of Ministers, where he helped to plan economic reform. From 1985 to 1988 and 1989 to 1991, he was president of the Nat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adam Michnik
Adam Michnik (; born 17 October 1946) is a Polish historian, essayist, former Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989), dissident, Intellectual#Public intellectual, public intellectual, as well as co-founder and editor-in-chief of the Polish newspaper . Reared in a family of committed communists, Michnik became an opponent of Poland's communist regime at the time of the party's anti-Jewish purges. He was imprisoned after the 1968 1968 Polish political crisis, March Events and again after the imposition of Martial Law in Poland, martial law in 1981. He has been called "one of Poland's most famous political prisoners". Michnik played a crucial role during the Polish Round Table Talks, as a result of which the communists agreed to call 1989 Polish legislative election, elections in 1989, which were won by Solidarity (Polish trade union), Solidarity. Though he has withdrawn from active politics, he has "maintained an influential voice through journalism". He has received ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lech Wałęsa
Lech Wałęsa (; ; born 29 September 1943) is a Polish statesman, dissident, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who served as the president of Poland between 1990 and 1995. After winning the 1990 Polish presidential election, 1990 election, Wałęsa became the first democratically elected president of Poland since 1922 Polish presidential elections, 1926 and the first-ever Polish president elected by Direct election, popular vote. An electrician by trade, Wałęsa became the leader of the Solidarity (Polish trade union), Solidarity movement and led a successful pro-democratic effort, which in 1989 ended Communist rule in Poland and ushered in the end of the Cold War. While working at the Lenin Shipyard (now Gdańsk Shipyard), Wałęsa, an electrician, became a trade-union activist, for which he was persecuted by the Polish Council of State, government, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980, he was instrumental in political negotiations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adam Zieliński
Adam Stanisław Zieliński (28 June 1931 – 14 November 2022) was a Polish lawyer and politician. A member of the Polish United Workers' Party, he served as president of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland from 1982 to 1992, a member of the Sejm from 1989 to 1991, and Polish Ombudsman The Commissioner for Human Rights (, RPO) is a Polish ombudsman, an official appointed for a five year term by the Sejm with an approval of the Senate of Poland, Senate (respectively lower and upper houses of Parliament of Poland, Polish legisla ... from 1996 to 2000. Zieliński died on 14 November 2022, at the age of 91. References 1931 births 2022 deaths Polish lawyers Members of the Contract Sejm Ombudsmen in Poland Polish United Workers' Party members University of Warsaw alumni People from Pruszków {{Poland-Sejm-politician-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikołaj Kozakiewicz
Mikołaj Kozakiewicz (24 December 1923 – 22 November 1998) was a Polish politician, publicist and sociologist. Kozakiewicz was born in Slonim, Belarus. He was a member of the United People's Party and deputy in the last communist Sejm (1985–1989). He was a member of the Polish Round Table Agreement on the government side. Later he joined the Polish People's Party and Partia Ludowo-Demokratyczna, and was a member of the Sejms (1989–1991, 1991–1993). He was Marshal of the Sejm in the Contract Sejm (10th and the last communist Sejm), from 23 June 1989 to 24 November 1991. Kozakiewicz was also a professor and author of many articles and books, mostly in the realm of sociology. An activist in many non-governmental organizations, he supported the homosexual rights movement and legalization of soft drugs Recreational drug use is the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness, either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gazeta Wyborcza
(; ''The Electoral Gazette'' in English) is a Polish nationwide daily newspaper based in Warsaw, Poland. It was launched on 8 May 1989 on the basis of the Polish Round Table Agreement and as a press organ of the Solidarity (Polish trade union), trade union "Solidarity" in the election campaign before the Contract Sejm. Initially created to cover Poland's first partially free parliamentary elections, it rapidly grew into a major publication, reaching a circulation of over 500,000 copies at its peak in the 1990s. It is published by Agora (company), Agora, with its original editor-in-chief Adam Michnik, appointed by Lech Wałęsa, is one of Poland's newspaper of record, newspapers of record, covering the gamut of political, international and general news from a Leftism, left-Liberalism, liberal perspective. ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' also publishes thematic supplements addressing topics such as economy, law, education, and health, including ''Duży Format'', ''Co Jest Grane 24'', and ''Wys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
