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Muwaššah
''Muwashshah'' ( ' ' girdled'; plural '; also ' 'girdling,' pl. ') is a strophic poetic form that developed in al-Andalus in the late 10th and early 11th centuries. The ', embodying the Iberian rhyme revolution, was the major Andalusi innovation in Arabic poetry, and it was sung and performed musically. The ''muwaššaḥ'' features a complex rhyme and metrical scheme usually containing five ' ( 'branches'; sing. '), with uniform rhyme within each strophe, interspersed with ' ( 'threads for stringing pearls'; sing. ') with common rhyme throughout the song, as well as a terminal ''kharja'' ( 'exit'), the song's final ''simṭ'', which could be in a different language. Sephardic poets also composed ' in Hebrew, sometimes as ''contrafacta'' imitating the rhyme and metrical scheme of a particular poem in Hebrew or in Arabic. This poetic imitation, called ' ( 'contrafaction'), is a tradition in Arabic poetry. The ''kharja'', or the ''markaz'' ( 'center') of the ', its final v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literature Of Al-Andalus
The literature of al-Andalus, also known as Andalusi literature (, ), was produced in al-Andalus, or Islamic Iberia, from the Muslim conquest in 711 to either the Catholic conquest of Granada in 1492 or the expulsion of the Moors ending in 1614. Andalusi literature was written primarily in Arabic, but also in Hebrew, Latin, and Romance. Poetry was considered the prime literary genre in Arabic. Poetic forms such as the '' qaṣīda'' and ''maqāma'' were adopted from the Mashriq or Muslim East, while forms of strophic poetry such as the '' muwaššaḥ'' and its '' kharja'' as well as the popular ''zajal'' in Andalusi vernacular Arabic were developed in al-Andalus. Andalusi strophic poetry had an impact on poetic expression in Western Europe and the wider Muslim world. Abdellah Hilaat's World Literature Encyclopedia divides the history of al-Andalus into two periods: the period of expansion, starting with the conquest of Hispania up to the first Taifa period, and the period of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zajal
''Zajal'' () is a traditional form of oral Strophic form, strophic poetry declaimed in a colloquial dialect. The earliest recorded zajal poet was Ibn Quzman of al-Andalus who lived from 1078 to 1160. Most scholars see the Andalusi Arabic ''zajal'', the Stress (linguistics), stress-syllable versification of which differs significantly from the quantitative meter of classical Arabic poetry, as a form of expression adapted from Iberian Romance languages, Romance languages' popular poetry traditions into Arabic—first at the folkloric level and then by lettered poets such as Ibn Quzman. It is generally conceded that the early ancestors of Levantine dialectical poetry were the Andalusian ''zajal'' and ''Muwashshah, muwashshaḥah'', brought to Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean by Moors fleeing Spain in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. An early master of Egyptian zajal was the fourteenth century ''zajjāl'' Abu ʿAbd Allāh al-Ghubārī. Zajal's origins may be ancient but it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Girdled
Girdled identifies various animal species: {{TOC right Girdled lizards Lizards from the genus ''Cordylus''. * Angolan girdled lizard (''Cordylus angolensis''), also known as the Angolan spiny-tailed lizard * Black girdled lizard (''Cordylus niger''), restricted to Table Mountain on the Cape Peninsula and a population near Langebaan * Cape Girdled Lizard (''Cordylus cordylus''), indigenous to the southern Cape region of South Africa * Dwarf Karoo girdled lizard (''Cordylus aridus''), a species of lizard in the family Cordylidae *Giant girdled lizard (''Cordylus giganteus''), the sungazer, giant spiny-tailed lizard, giant zonure, the largest species of girdled lizard * Lawrence's girdled lizard (''Cordylus lawrenci''), a species of lizard in the family Cordylidae * Limpopo girdled lizard (''Cordylus jonesii'') live along South Africa's border with Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique * Machadoe's girdled lizard (''Cordylus machadoi''), a flattened girdled lizard from northwestern Namibi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qasida
The qaṣīda (also spelled ''qaṣīdah''; plural ''qaṣā’id'') is an ancient Arabic word and form of poetry, often translated as ode. The qasida originated in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and passed into non-Arabic cultures after the Arab Muslim expansion. The word ''qasida'' is originally an Arabic word (, plural ''qaṣā’id'', ), and is still used throughout the Arabic-speaking world; it was borrowed into some other languages such as (alongside , ''chakameh''), and . The classic form of qasida maintains both monometer, a single elaborate meter throughout the poem, and monorhyme, where every line rhymes on the same soundAkiko Motoyoshi Sumi, ''Description in Classical Arabic Poetry: ''Waṣf'', Ekphrasis, and Interarts Theory'', Brill Studies in Middle Eastern literatures, 25 (Leiden: Brill, 2004), p. 1. It typically runs from fifteen to eighty lines, and sometimes more than a hundred. Well-known examples of this genre include the poems of the Mu'allaqat (a collectio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Khalil Ibn Ahmad Al-Farahidi
Abu ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad ibn ‘Amr ibn Tammām al-Farāhīdī al-Azdī al-Yaḥmadī (; 718 – 786 CE), known as al-Farāhīdī, or al-Khalīl, was an Arab philologist, lexicographer and leading grammarian of Basra in Iraq. He made the first dictionary of the Arabic language – and the oldest extant dictionary – '' Kitab al-'Ayn'' ( "The Source")Introduction to ''Early Medieval Arabic: Studies on Al-Khalīl Ibn Ahmad'', pg. 3. Ed. Karin C. Ryding. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1998. – introduced the now standard harakat (vowel marks in Arabic script) system, and was instrumental in the early development of ʿArūḍ (study of prosody),al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad at the [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scat Singing
Originating in vocal jazz, scat singing or scatting is vocal Musical improvisation, improvisation with Non-lexical vocables in music, wordless vocables, Pseudoword#Nonsense syllables, nonsense syllables or without words at all. In scat singing, the singer improvises melodies and rhythms using the voice solely as an Musical instrument, instrument rather than a Speech, speaking medium. This is different from vocalese, which uses recognizable lyrics that are sung to pre-existing instrumental solos. Characteristics Structure and syllable choice Though scat singing is improvised, the melodic lines are often variations on Musical scale, scale and arpeggio fragments, lick (music), stock patterns and riffs, as is the case with instrumental improvisers. As well, scatting usually incorporates musical Musical form, structure. All of Ella Fitzgerald's scat performances of "How High the Moon", for instance, use the same tempo, begin with a chorus of a straight reading of the lyric, move to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melisma
Melisma (, , ; from , plural: ''melismata''), informally known as a vocal run and sometimes interchanged with the term roulade, is the singing of a single syllable of text while moving between several different notes in succession. Music sung in this style is referred to as ''melismatic'', as opposed to ''syllabic'', in which each syllable of text is matched to a single note. History General The term ''melisma'' may be used to describe music of any genre, including baroque singing, opera, and later gospel. Within the tradition of religious Jewish music, melisma is still commonly used in the chanting of Torah, readings from the Prophets, and in the body of a service. Melisma is prevalent in many forms of Gregorian chant (see e.g. Jubilus) as well as late-medieval sacred polyphony, notably in works by Guillaume de Machaut, John Dunstaple, and many early Tudor composers represented in the Eton, Caius, and Lambeth choirbooks. Today, melisma is commonly used in Middle Eastern, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Bassam
Ibn Bassām or Ibn Bassām al-Shantarīnī (; 1058-1147) was an Arab-Andalusian poet and historian from al-Andalus. He was born in Santarém (sometimes spelled Shantarin or Xantarin) and hailed from the Banu Taghlib tribe. He died in 1147. Ibn Bassam describes how the incessant invasions of the Christians forced him to run away from Santarém in Portugal, "the last of the cities of the west," after seeing his lands ravaged and his wealth destroyed, a ruined man with no possessions save his battered sword. Especially well known is his anthology (The Treasury concerning the Merits of the People of Iberia), an important source relating to the Almoravid The Almoravid dynasty () was a Berber Muslim dynasty centered in the territory of present-day Morocco. It established an empire that stretched over the western Maghreb and Al-Andalus, starting in the 1050s and lasting until its fall to the Almo ... dynasty. In an article about the poet in this work, Ibn Bassam describes the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romance Languages
The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are Language family, directly descended from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family. The five list of languages by number of native speakers, most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are: * Spanish language, Spanish (489 million): official language in Spain, Mexico, Equatorial Guinea, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, SADR, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and most of Central America, Central and South America * French language, French (310 million): official in 26 countries * Portuguese language, Portuguese (240 million): official in Portugal, Brazil, Portuguese-speaking African countries, Portuguese-speaking Africa, Timor-Leste and Macau * Italian language, Italian (67 million): official in Italy, Vatican City, San Marino, Switzerland; mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tova Rosen
Tova is a given name, nickname and a surname. The name ''Tova'' has multiple origins. Deriving from Old Norse, it is thought to be a hypocoristic form of the name ''Þórfríðr''.Teresa Norman,Tova" ''A World of Baby Names''. New York: Penguin, 2003. 504. Deriving from Hebrew, it is an adjective meaning "good". Notable people with this name are listed below. Given name * Saint Tova of Thorney (died ), Anglo-Saxon martyr * Tova of the Obotrites (, Slavic princess and queen consort of Denmark * Tova Beck-Friedman (born 1938), American artist, sculptor, writer, filmmaker, and child survivor of the Holocaust * Tova Ben-Dov, Israeli Zionist * Tova Ben Zvi (1928–2020), Israeli singer * Tova Borgnine (1941–2022), Norwegian-born American businesswoman * Tova Hamilton, Jamaican politician * Tova Hartman (born 1957), Israeli scholar and social entrepreneur * Tova Ilan (1929–2019), Israeli educator and politician * Tova Magnusson (born 1968), Swedish actress and filmmaker * Tov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Dihya Al-Kalby
Umar bin al-Hasan bin Ali bin Muhammad bin al-Jamil bin Farah bin Khalaf bin Qumis bin Mazlal bin Malal bin Badr bin Dihyah bin Farwah, better known as Ibn Dihya al-Kalbi () was a Moorish scholar of both the Arabic language and Islamic studies. Ibn Khallikan, pg. 384. He preferred to be called Abu al-Khattab, though at various times he was also referred to as Ibn al-Jumayyil, Majd al-Din, Abu al-Fadl or simply Ibn Dihya. Lineage Kalbi claimed paternal descent from a prominent companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and maternal descent from Muhammad himself. Kalbi's father traced his roots back to early Muslim diplomat Dihyah al-Kalbi of the Banu Kalb tribe, while his mother traced hers back to the forth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib through his son – and Muhammad's grandson – Hussein ibn Ali. Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. III, H-IRAM, pg. 747 Eds. Bernard Lewis, Charles Pellat and Joseph Schacht. Assist. J. Burton-Page, C. Dumont and V.L. Menage. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 197 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Sanāʾ Al-Mulk
Abu ’l-Qāsim Hibat Allāh b. Abī ’l-Faḍl Jaʿfar b. al-Muʿtamid (), known as Ibn Sanāʾ al-Mulk (), was a 12th-century Egyptian ''qāḍi'', poet, scholar interested in the Andalusi '' muwaššaḥ''. He published ''Dār aṭ-ṭirāz fī ʿamal al-muwas̲h̲s̲h̲aḥāt'' (), an anthology containing 34 Andalusi and Maghribi ''muwaššaḥat'', his theory of the genre, as well as 35 of his own ''muwaššaḥat.'' He was also the first person in the Mashriq to compose ''muwaššaḥat'', writing some ''kharjas'' with Persian words. ''Dar at-Tiraz'' Ibn Sanāʾ al-Mulk's book on the ''muwaššaḥ'', ''Dār aṭ-ṭirāz fī ʿamal al-muwas̲h̲s̲h̲aḥāt'' (), is regarded as the most complete contemporary description of the genre.Reynolds, Dwight. “Music.” Chapter. In ''The Literature of Al-Andalus'', edited by María Rosa Menocal, Raymond P. Scheindlin, and Michael Sells, 60–82. The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
