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Mutualista
Mutualistas were community-based Benefit society, mutual aid societies created by Mexico, Mexican Immigration to the United States, immigrants in the late 19th century United States. According to media analyst Charles M. Tatum, ''mutualistas'' "provided most immigrants with a connection to their mother country and served to bring them together to meet their survival needs in a new and alien country. Cultural activities, education, health care, insurance coverage, legal protection and advocacy before police and immigration authorities, and anti-defamation activities were the main functions of these associations. Sometimes ''mutualistas'' were part of larger organizations affiliated with the Mexican government or other national associations. One such association included Alianza Hispano-Americana, which, founded in 1894 in Tucson, Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Territory, had 88 chapters throughout the Southwestern United States by 1919. Usually ''mutualistas'' had separate women's auxiliari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Health In Uruguay
In 2016, the life expectancy in Uruguay was 73 for men and 81 for women. Health statistics 2011 figures: *Fertility rate – 140th List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate#Countries, most fertile, at 1.89 per woman *Birth rate – 157th List of sovereign states and dependent territories by birth rate#Countries, most births, at 13.91 per 1000 people *Infant mortality – 128th List of countries by infant mortality rate#Lists, most deaths, 8.73 per 1000 live births in 2017. In 1975 it was 48.6 per 1,000 live births *Death rate – 84th death rate at 9.16 per 1000 people *Life expectancy – 47th at 76.4 years *Suicide rate – 24th suicide rate per 100,000 (15.1 for males and 6.4 for females) *HIV/AIDS rate – 108th at 0.30% Healthcare For the first half of the twentieth century Uruguay and Argentina had the most advanced standards of medical care in Latin America. Military rule from 1973 to 1985 adversely affected standards in Uruguay. More resources ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benefit Society
A benefit society, fraternal benefit society, or fraternal benefit order is a voluntary association formed to provide mutual aid, benefit, for instance insurance for relief from sundry difficulties. Such organizations may be formally organized with charters and established customs or may arise ''ad hoc'' to meet the unique needs of a particular time and place. Often fitting this description include friendly societies, or mutual aid organizations. Many major financial institutions existing today, particularly some insurance companies, mutual savings banks, and credit unions, trace their origins back to benefit societies, as can many modern fraternal organizations and fraternal orders which are now viewed as being primarily social. The modern legal system essentially requires all such organizations of appreciable size to incorporate one of these forms or another to continue to exist on an ongoing basis. Benefit societies may be organized around a shared ethnic background, religion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mexican-American Organizations
Mexican Americans are Americans of full or partial Mexico, Mexican descent. In 2022, Mexican Americans comprised 11.2% of the US population and 58.9% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans. In 2019, 71% of Mexican Americans were born in the United States. Mexicans born outside the US make up 53% of the total population of foreign-born Hispanic Americans and 25% of the total foreign-born population. Chicano is a term used by some to describe the unique identity held by Mexican-Americans. The United States is home to the second-largest Mexicans, Mexican community in the world (24% of the entire emigration from Mexico, Mexican-origin population of the world), behind only Mexico. Most Mexican Americans reside in Southwestern United States, the Southwest, with more than 60% of Mexican Americans living in the states of California and Texas. They have varying degrees of Indigenous peoples of Mexico, indigenous and White Mexicans, European ancestry, with the latter being of mostly Spanis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Mexican Americans
Mexican American history, or the history of American residents of Mexican descent, largely begins after the Mexican Cession, annexation of Northern Mexico in 1848, when the nearly 80,000 Mexican citizens of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico became U.S. citizens. Large-scale migration increased the U.S.' Mexican population during the 1910s, as refugees fled the economic devastation and violence of Mexico's high-casualty Mexican Revolution, revolution and Cristero War, civil war. Until the mid-20th century, most Mexican Americans lived within a few hundred miles of the border, although some resettled along rail lines from the Southwest into the Midwest. With the border being established many Mexicans began to find more creative ways to get across. In the article ''Artificial Intelligence and Predicting Illegal Immigration to the USA'' the statistic that "more than half of undocumented immigrants in the USA enter the USA legally and overstay their visas" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raza Unida Party
Partido Nacional de La Raza Unida (LRUP; National United Peoples PartyArmando Navarro (2000) ''La Raza Unida Party'', p. 20 or United Race Party) was a Hispanic political party centered on Chicano (Mexican-American) nationalism. It was created in 1970 and became prominent throughout Texas and Southern California. It was started to combat growing inequality and dissatisfaction with the History of the United States Democratic Party, Democratic Party that was typically supported by Mexican-American voters. After its establishment in Texas, the party launched electoral campaigns in Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and California, though it only secured official party status for statewide races in Texas. It did poorly in the 1978 Texas elections and dissolved when leaders and members dropped out. La Raza, as it was usually known, experienced most of its success at the local level in southwest Texas when the party swept city council, school board, and mayoralty elections in Crystal City, T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chicana Feminism
Chicana feminism is a sociopolitical movement, theory, and praxis that scrutinizes the historical, cultural, spiritual, educational, and economic intersections impacting Chicanas and the Chicana/o community in the United States. Chicana feminism empowers women to challenge institutionalized social norms and regards anyone a feminist who fights for the end of women's oppression in the community. Chicana feminism encouraged women to reclaim their existence between and among the Chicano Movement and second-wave feminist movements from the 1960s to the 1970s. Chicana feminists recognized that empowering women would empower the Chicana/o community, yet routinely faced opposition. Critical developments in the field, including from Chicana lesbian feminists, expanded limited ideas of the Chicana beyond conventional understandings. Xicanisma formed as a significant intervention developed by Ana Castillo in 1994 to reinvigorate Chicana feminism and recognize a shift in consciousness th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chicano Movement
The Chicano Movement, also referred to as El Movimiento (Spanish for "the Movement"), was a civil rights movements, social and political movement in the United States that worked to embrace a Chicano, Chicano identity and worldview that combated structural racism, encouraged cultural revitalization, and achieved community empowerment by rejecting Cultural assimilation, assimilation. Chicanos expressed solidarity and defined their culture through the development of Chicano art during El Movimiento, and stood firm in preserving their religion. The Chicano Movement was influenced by and entwined with the Black power movement, and both movements held similar objectives of community empowerment and liberation while also calling for Black-brown unity, Black–Brown unity. Leaders such as Cesar Chavez, César Chávez, Reies Tijerina, and Rodolfo Gonzales learned strategies of resistance and worked with leaders of the Black Power movement. Chicano organizations like the Brown Berets and M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Student Movement
Student activism or campus activism is work by students to cause political, environmental, economic, or social change. In addition to education, student groups often play central roles in democratization and winning civil rights. Modern student activist movements span all ages, races, socio-economic backgrounds, and political perspectives. Some student protests focus on the internal affairs of an institution (like disinvestment); others tackle wars or dictatorship, dictatorships. Student activism is most often associated with left-wing politics. Early examples Student activism at the university level is nearly as old as the university itself. Students in Paris and Bologna staged collective actions as early as the 13th century, chiefly over town and gown issues. Student protests over broader political issues also have a long pedigree. In Joseon Dynasty Korea, 150 Sungkyunkwan students staged an unprecedented demonstration against the king in 1519 over the Korean literat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chicano
Chicano (masculine form) or Chicana (feminine form) is an ethnic identity for Mexican Americans that emerged from the Chicano Movement. In the 1960s, ''Chicano'' was widely reclaimed among Hispanics in the building of a movement toward political empowerment, ethnic solidarity, and pride in being of Indigenous peoples of Mexico, Indigenous descent (with many Nahuatl language in the United States, using the Nahuatl language or Chicano names, names). ''Chicano'' was used in a sense separate from ''Mexican American'' identity. Youth in ''Barrioization, barrios'' rejected cultural assimilation into Mainstream culture, mainstream American culture and embraced their own identity and worldview as a form of empowerment and resistance. The community forged an independent political and cultural movement, sometimes working alongside the Black power movement. The Chicano Movement faltered by the mid-1970s as a result of external and internal pressures. It was under state surveillance, infi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lemon Grove School District
Lemon Grove School District is a school district based in Lemon Grove in San Diego County, California. It runs one middle school, two K-8 schools, and four elementary schools. Lemon Grove School district was officially founded on March 18, 1893 when the San Diego County Board of Supervisors The San Diego County Board of Supervisors is the Board of supervisors, legislative and executive branch of the Government of San Diego County, California, county government of San Diego County, California. Though officially Non-partisan democra ... and Harry Wagner, County School Superintendent, approved the boundaries of the Lemon Grove District. The superintendent of the district is Erica Balakian. The district is managed by a five-person Governing Board. References External links LGSD Patch ReviewLGSD NCES Info and Data {{Authority control Lemon Grove, California School districts in San Diego County, California School districts established in 1893 1893 establishments in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Desegregation
Racial integration, or simply integration, includes desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation), leveling barriers to association, creating equal opportunity regardless of race, and the development of a culture that draws on diverse traditions, rather than merely bringing a racial minority into the majority culture. Desegregation is largely a legal matter, integration largely a social one. Distinguishing ''integration'' from ''desegregation'' Morris J. MacGregor Jr. in his paper "Integration of the Armed Forces 1940–1969", writes concerning the words ''integration'' and ''desegregation'': In recent years many historians have come to distinguish between these like-sounding words... The movement toward desegregation, breaking down the nation's Jim Crow system, became increasingly popular in the decade after World War II. Integration, on the other hand, Professor Oscar Handlin maintains, implies several things not yet necessarily accepted in all areas o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
