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Mischling
(; ; ) was a pejorative legal term which was used in Nazi Germany to denote persons of mixed " Aryan" and "non-Aryan", such as Jewish, ancestry as they were classified by the Nuremberg racial laws of 1935. In German, the word has the general denotation of ' hybrid', ' mongrel', or ' half-breed'. Outside its use in official Nazi terminology, the term ('mixed children') was later used to refer to war babies born to non-white soldiers and German mothers in the aftermath of World War II. Nazi definitions of Mischling Nazis relied on one's ancestors' religious backgrounds to determine whether someone was of "German or related blood" ("Aryan") or a "Jew" ("non-Aryan"). Thus, the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 defined a "full Jew" (''Istjude'' or ''Volljude'' in Nazi terminology) as a person – regardless of religious affiliation or self-identification – who had at least three grandparents who had been enrolled with a Jewish congregation or were married to a Jewish spouse. A perso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mischling Test
Mischling Test refers to the legal test under Nazi Germany's Nuremberg Laws that was applied to determine whether a person was considered a "Jew" or a '' Mischling'' (mixed-blood). Background On 11 April 1933 the regime promulgated the ''First Supplementary Decree for the Execution of the Law of Restoration of the Professional Civil Service'', colloquially known as the ''First Racial Definition''. This implementing decree stipulated that a person would be regarded as a racial Jew for purposes of the law if he had one Jewish parent or one Jewish grandparent, ''i.e.'' if the ancestor was "of the Jewish faith."The decree stipulated in particular that for purposes of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service A person is ... non-Aryan f... descended from non-Aryan, especially Jewish, parents or grandparents. This holds true even if only one parent or grandparent is ... non-Aryan ... ndespecially obtains if one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish faith. See ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuremberg Laws
The Nuremberg Laws (, ) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. The two laws were the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, which forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans and the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households; and the Reich Citizenship Law, which declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens. The remainder were classed as state subjects without any citizenship rights. A supplementary decree outlining the definition of who was Jewish was passed on 14 November, and the Reich Citizenship Law officially came into force on that date. The laws were expanded on 26 November 1935 to include Romani and Black people. This supplementary decree defined Romani people as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-miscegenation Laws
Anti-miscegenation laws are laws that enforce racial segregation at the level of marriage and intimate relationships by criminalizing interracial marriage sometimes, also criminalizing sex between members of different races. In the United States, interracial marriage, cohabitation and sex have been termed " miscegenation" since the term was coined in 1863. Contemporary usage of the term is infrequent, except in reference to historical laws which banned the practice. Anti-miscegenation laws were first introduced in North America by the governments of several of the Thirteen Colonies from the late seventeenth century onward, and subsequently, they were introduced by the governments of many U.S. states and U.S. territories and they remained in force in many US states until 1967. After the Second World War, an increasing number of states repealed their anti-miscegenation laws. In 1967, in the landmark case '' Loving v. Virginia'', the remaining anti-miscegenation laws were ruled u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geltungsjude
Geltungsjude was the term for people who were considered Jews by the first supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws from 14 November 1935. The term was not used officially, but was coined because the persons were deemed (''gelten'' in German) Jews rather than exactly belonging to any of the categories of the previous Nuremberg Laws. There were three categories of Geltungsjuden: 1. offspring of an intermarriage who belonged to the Jewish community after 1935; 2. offspring of an intermarriage who was married to a Jew after 1935; 3. illegitimate child of a Geltungsjude, born after 1935. Definition The definition of these persons in the decree is as follows: :''ARTICLE 5 (2) A Jew is also an individual'' üdischer Mischling''who is descended from two full-Jewish grandparents if:'' ::''(a) he was a member of the Jewish religious community when this law was issued, or joined the community later;'' ::''(b) when the law was issued, he was married to a person who was a Jew, or was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bryan Mark Rigg
Bryan Mark Rigg (born March 16, 1971) is an American military historian. Rigg is the author of several books on World War II history, including ''Hitler's Jewish Soldiers: The Untold Story of Nazi Racial Laws and Men of Jewish Descent in the German Military'' and ''The Rabbi Saved by Hitler's Soldiers: Rebbe Joseph Isaac Schneersohn and His Astonishing Rescue''. In addition to his writing, Rigg has also worked as a professor of history at several universities, including American Military University, Southern Methodist University, and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He has been a frequent contributor to various media outlets, including ''CNN'', ''NPR'', and ''The New York Times''. Biography Born in Texas and reared as a Baptist, Rigg studied at Phillips Exeter Academy, graduating in 1991, then attended Yale University and received his B.A. in 1996. He received a grant from the Henry Fellowship to continue his studies in Cambridge University, where Rigg earned his doctora ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aryan Race
The Aryan race is a pseudoscientific historical race concepts, historical race concept that emerged in the late-19th century to describe people who descend from the Proto-Indo-Europeans as a Race (human categorization), racial grouping. The terminology derives from the historical usage of Aryan, used by modern Indo-Iranians as an epithet of "noble". Anthropology, Anthropological, Human history, historical, and Archaeology, archaeological evidence does not support the validity of this concept. The concept derives from the notion that the original speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language were distinct progenitors of a superior specimen of humankind, and that their descendants up to the present day constitute either a distinctive race or a sub-race of the Caucasian race, alongside the Semitic people, Semitic race and the Hamites, Hamitic race. This Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic approach to categorizing human population groups is now considered to be misguided and biologically m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erhard Milch
Erhard Milch (30 March 1892 – 25 January 1972) was a German ''Generalfeldmarschall'' of the ''Luftwaffe'' who oversaw its founding and development during the rearmament of Germany and most of World War II. Milch served as State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Aviation from May 1933 to June 1944 and as Inspector General of the ''Luftwaffe'' from February 1939 to January 1945. Milch was an early member of the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' during World War I and worked as an airline director in the German civil aviation industry after the war. Milch was appointed deputy of Hermann Göring in the Aviation Ministry in 1933, heading the organisation and development of the ''Luftwaffe'' from 1936. Milch led Nazi Germany's aircraft production and supply from 1941, adopting a policy of mass production, and utilising the forced labour of foreign workers under inhumane conditions to supply the ''Luftwaffe''. Milch was removed from his important Aviation Ministry positions after supportin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rassenschande
''Rassenschande'' (, "racial shame") or ''Blutschande'' ( "blood disgrace") was an anti-miscegenation concept in Racial policy of Nazi Germany, Nazi German racial policy, pertaining to sexual relations between Aryan race#Nazism, Aryans and non-Aryans. It was put into practice by policies like the Aryan certificate requirement,Leila J. Rupp, ''Mobilizing Women for War'', p 125, and later by anti-miscegenation laws such as the Nuremberg Laws, adopted unanimously by the Reichstag (Nazi Germany), Reichstag on 15 September 1935. Initially, these laws referred predominantly to relations between ethnic Germans (classified, together with most other western Europeans, as "Aryans") and non-Aryans, regardless of citizenship. In the early stages the culprits were targeted informally; later, they were punished systematically and legally. In the course of the ensuing World War II, war years, sexual relations between ''Reichsdeutschen'' (ethnic Germans, regardless of place of birth) and milli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazi Terminology
This is a list of words, terms, concepts and slogans of Nazi Germany used in the historiography covering the Nazi regime. Some words were coined by Adolf Hitler and other Nazi Party members. Other words and concepts were borrowed and appropriated, and other terms were already in use during the Weimar Republic. Finally, some are taken from Germany's cultural tradition. 0–9 * 25-point programme – The Nazi Party platform and a codification of its ideology. A * ''Abbeförderung'' ('dispatching', 'removal') – euphemism for killing. * ''abgeräumt'' ('cleared away') – slang expression for "murdered". * ''Abhörverbrecher'' ('wiretapping criminal') – Germans and others in the occupied countries who illegally listened to foreign news broadcasts. * '' Abkindern'' – an ironically intended colloquial designation for the cancellation of a marriage loan through the production of offspring. In German, ''ab'' means "off" and ''Kind'' means "child". * ''Ablieferungspflicht'' (' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Untermensch
''Untermensch'' (; plural: ''Untermenschen'') is a German language word literally meaning 'underman', 'sub-man', or ' subhuman', which was extensively used by Germany's Nazi Party to refer to their opponents and non- Aryan people they deemed as inferior. It was mainly used against "the masses from the East", that is Jews, Roma, and Slavs (mainly ethnic Poles, Belarusians, Czechs, Ukrainians, Russians and Serbs). The term was also applied to "'' Mischling''" (persons of mixed "Aryan" and non-Aryan ancestry) and black people. Jewish, Slavic, and Romani people, along with the physically and mentally disabled, as well as homosexuals and political dissidents, and on rare instances, POWs from Western Allied armies, were considered untermenschen who were to be exterminated in the Holocaust. According to the '' Generalplan Ost'', the Slavic population of East-Central Europe was to be reduced in part through mass murder in the Holocaust for ''Lebensraum'', with a significant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Babies
War children are those born to a local parent and a parent belonging to a foreign military force (usually an occupying force, but also military personnel stationed at military bases on foreign soil). Having a child by a member of a belligerent force, throughout history and across cultures, is often considered a grave betrayal of social values. Commonly, the native parent (usually a woman) is disowned by her family, friends, and society at large. The term "war child" is most commonly used for children born during World War II and its aftermath, particularly in relation to children born to fathers by German occupying forces in northern Europe. In Norway, there were also '' Lebensborn'' children. The discrimination suffered by the local parent and child in the postwar period did not take into account widespread rapes by occupying forces, or the relationships women had to form in order to survive the war years. Discrimination Children with a parent who was part of an occupying for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
