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Milk Fever
Milk fever, postparturient hypocalcemia, or parturient paresis is a disease, primarily in dairy cattle but also seen in beef cattle and non-bovine domesticated animals, characterized by reduced blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia). It occurs following parturition (birth), at onset of lactation, when demand for calcium for colostrum and milk production exceeds the body's ability to mobilize calcium. "Fever" is a misnomer, as the disease generally does not cause elevated body temperature. Milk fever is more commonly seen in older animals (which have reduced ability to mobilize calcium from bone) and in certain breeds (such as Channel Island breeds). Clinical signs The clinical signs of milk fever can be divided into three distinct stages: Stage 1 In this stage, cows are mobile but show signs of hypersensitivity and excitability such as restlessness, tremors, ear twitching, head bobbing, and mild ataxia. If not treated, symptoms usually progress to stage 2. Stage 2 In this ...
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Touma Veleye Tiesse Coistrece
Touma may refer to: Surname * Aida Touma-Suleiman, (born 1964), Israeli Arab journalist and politician * Carlos Abumohor Touma, Chilean businessman and investor * Emile Touma, political historian and philosopher and thinker * Habib Hassan Touma, (1934–1998), Palestinian composer and ethnomusicologist * Juliette Touma, United Nations Director of Communications * Sharbel Touma, Lebanese-born Swedish footballer * Travis Touma, Lebanese international rugby league footballer * Yumi Touma, Japanese singer and voice actor * Ziad Touma, Lebanese Canadian film director Fictional characters * Touma Amagase, from the game ''The Idolmaster 2'' and ''The Idolmaster SideM'' * Touma H. Norstein, from the anime series ''Digimon Data Squad'' * Touma Kamijou, from the anime series '' To Aru Majutsu no Index'' * Touma Kamiyama, from the tokusatsu series ''Kamen Rider Saber'' * Touma Yoimachi, from the tokusatsu series ''Kaitou Sentai Lupinranger VS Keisatsu Sentai Patranger'' Places * Bab ...
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Ear Wiggling
Ear wiggling is movement of the external ear using the three muscles which are attached to it forward, above, and behind. Some mammals such as cows have good control of these muscles, which they use to twitch and orient their ears, but humans usually find this difficult. Research conducted on humans using a kymograph to measure their ear movements found that only two out of twelve subjects had any voluntary control at the start, but that the others could acquire this by training with an early form of biofeedback. Moving ear syndrome is a rare and treatable disorder in humans. It is an involuntary contraction of the external ear muscles that contribute to ear wiggling. This contraction can cause pain or discomfort. When sleeping or voluntarily movement occurs, it can temporarily decrease or disappear. The most effective therapy thus far is botox. Female rats wiggle their ears when they are in heat, to excite male rats and encourage them to mate. Pop culture Ear wiggling was a ...
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Parathyroid Hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates serum calcium and phosphate through its actions on the bone, kidneys, and small intestine. PTH increases serum calcium levels and is counteracted by calcitonin. Additionally, it promotes the synthesis of calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D. PTH influences bone remodeling, which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately resorbed and rebuilt over time. PTH is secreted in response to low blood serum calcium (Ca2+) levels. PTH indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity within the bone matrix ( osteon), in an effort to release more ionic calcium (Ca2+) into the blood to elevate a low serum calcium level. The bones store calcium from which the body can release into the blood as needed as needed to keep the amount of calcium in the blood at appropriate levels despite the ever-present challenges of metabolism, ...
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Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck of humans and other tetrapods. Humans usually have four parathyroid glands, located on the back of the thyroid gland in variable locations. The parathyroid gland produces and secretes parathyroid hormone in response to low blood calcium, which plays a key role in regulating the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones. Parathyroid glands share a similar blood supply, venous drainage, and lymphatic drainage to the thyroid glands. Parathyroid glands are derived from the epithelial lining of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouch (embryology), pharyngeal pouches, with the superior glands arising from the fourth pouch and the inferior glands arising from the higher third pouch. The relative position of the inferior and superior glands, which are named according to their final location, changes because of the migration of embryological tissues. Hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, characterized by alterations ...
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Neuromuscular Junction
A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction. Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. In the neuromuscular system, nerves from the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are linked and work together with muscles. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmins) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which ...
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Mammary Gland
A mammary gland is an exocrine gland that produces milk in humans and other mammals. Mammals get their name from the Latin word ''mamma'', "breast". The mammary glands are arranged in organs such as the breasts in primates (for example, humans and chimpanzees), the udder in ruminants (for example, cows, goats, sheep, and deer), and the dugs of other animals (for example, dogs and cats) to feed young offspring. Lactorrhea, the occasional production of milk by the glands, can occur in any mammal, but in most mammals, lactation, the production of enough milk for nursing, occurs only in phenotypic females who have gestated in recent months or years. It is directed by hormonal guidance from sex steroids. In a few mammalian species, male lactation can occur. With humans, male lactation can occur only under specific circumstances. Mammals are divided into 3 groups: monotremes, metatherians, and eutherians. In the case of monotremes, their mammary glands are modified seba ...
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Birth
Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the fetus at a developmental stage when it is ready to feed and breathe. In some species, the offspring is precocial and can move around almost immediately after birth but in others, it is altricial and completely dependent on parenting. In marsupials, the fetus is born at a very immature stage after a short gestation and develops further in its mother's womb Pouch (marsupial), pouch. It is not only mammals that give birth. Some reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates carry their developing young inside them. Some of these are Ovoviviparity, ovoviviparous, with the eggs being hatched inside the mother's body, and others are Viviparity, viviparous, with the embryo developing inside their body, as in the case of mammals. Human childbirth ...
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Coma
A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to Nociception, respond normally to Pain, painful stimuli, light, or sound, lacks a normal Circadian rhythm, sleep-wake cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. The person may experience respiratory and circulatory problems due to the body's inability to maintain normal bodily functions. People in a coma often require extensive medical care to maintain their health and prevent complications such as pneumonia or blood clots. Coma patients exhibit a complete absence of wakefulness and are unable to consciously feel, speak or move. Comas can be the result of natural causes, or can be Induced coma, medically induced, for example, during General anaesthesia, general anesthesia. Clinically, a coma can be defined as the consistent inability to follow a one-step command. For a patient to maintain consciousness, the components of ''wakefulness'' and ''awareness'' must be maintained. Wak ...
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Flaccid Paralysis
Flaccid paralysis is a neurological condition characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause (e.g., trauma). This abnormal condition may be caused by disease or by trauma affecting the nerves associated with the involved muscles. For example, if the somatic nerves to a skeletal muscle are severed, then the muscle will exhibit flaccid paralysis. When muscles enter this state, they become limp and cannot contract. This condition can become fatal if it affects the respiratory muscles, posing the threat of suffocation. It also occurs in the spinal shock stage in complete transection of the spinal cord occurring in injuries such as gunshot wounds.Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw-Hill. 6th Edition. 2012. Causes Polio and other viruses The term ''acute flaccid paralysis'' (AFP) is often used to describe an instance with a sudden onset, as might be found with polio. AFP is the most co ...
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Touma Velêyes Eståde3
Touma may refer to: Surname * Aida Touma-Suleiman, (born 1964), Israeli Arab journalist and politician * Carlos Abumohor Touma, Chilean businessman and investor * Emile Touma, political historian and philosopher and thinker * Habib Hassan Touma, (1934–1998), Palestinian composer and ethnomusicologist * Juliette Touma, United Nations Director of Communications * Sharbel Touma, Lebanese-born Swedish footballer * Travis Touma, Lebanese international rugby league footballer * Yumi Touma, Japanese singer and voice actor * Ziad Touma, Lebanese Canadian film director Fictional characters * Touma Amagase, from the game '' The Idolmaster 2'' and ''The Idolmaster SideM'' * Touma H. Norstein, from the anime series ''Digimon Data Squad'' * Touma Kamijou, from the anime series '' To Aru Majutsu no Index'' * Touma Kamiyama, from the tokusatsu series '' Kamen Rider Saber'' * Touma Yoimachi, from the tokusatsu series ''Kaitou Sentai Lupinranger VS Keisatsu Sentai Patranger , comm ...
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Bloating
Abdominal bloating (or simply bloating) is a short-term disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract. Bloating is generally characterized by an excess buildup of gas, air or fluids in the stomach. A person may have feelings of tightness, pressure or fullness in the stomach; it may or may not be accompanied by a visibly distended abdomen. Bloating can affect anyone of any age range and is usually self-diagnosed. In most cases it does not require serious medical attention or treatment. Although this term is usually used interchangeably with abdominal distension, these symptoms probably have different pathophysiological processes, which are not fully understood. The first step for management is to find a treatment for the underlying causes that produce it through a detailed medical history and a physical examination. The discomfort can be alleviated by the use of certain drugs and dietary modifications. Bloating can also be caused by chronic conditions and in rare cases can be a ...
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Paralysis
Paralysis (: paralyses; also known as plegia) is a loss of Motor skill, motor function in one or more Skeletal muscle, muscles. Paralysis can also be accompanied by a loss of feeling (sensory loss) in the affected area if there is sensory damage. In the United States, roughly 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with some form of permanent or transient paralysis. The word "paralysis" derives from the Greek language, Greek παράλυσις, meaning "disabling of the nerves" from παρά (''para'') meaning "beside, by" and λύσις (''lysis'') meaning "making loose". A paralysis accompanied by involuntary tremors is usually called "palsy". Causes Paralysis is most often caused by damage in the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. Other major causes are stroke, Physical trauma, trauma with nerve injury, poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, peripheral neuropathy, Parkinson's disease, ALS, botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis and Guillain–Barré syndrome. Incidents th ...
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