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Military Activity In Antarctica
As Antarctica has never been permanently settled by humans, there has historically been little military activity in the Antarctic. The Antarctic Treaty, which came into effect on June 23, 1961, bans military activity from the continent. Military personnel and equipment may only be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purposes, such as delivering supplies. The Antarctic Treaty specifically prohibits military activity on land or ice shelves below 60°S. While the use of nuclear weapons is absolutely prohibited, the Treaty does not apply to naval activity within these bounds (in the Southern Ocean) so long as it takes place on the high seas. Notable operations Military forces from many countries have provided support to scientific expeditions and bases in Antarctica. Notable operations and expeditions have included: * Commander James Cook's second voyage (United Kingdom, 1773) * USS ''Vincennes surveys of Antarctica (United States, 1839 and 1840) * In February 1941 t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C-130 South Pole
C13 or C-13 may refer to: * French Defence, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code * C13 White Lead (Painting) Convention, 1921 * C13 grenade, the Canadian Forces designation for a M67 grenade * Autovia C-13, a highway in Catalonia in Spain * Caterpillar C13 Engine, an engine by Caterpillar Inc. * , a 1906 British C-class submarine * IEC 60320 C13, a polarised, three pole plug used in electric power cables * LNER Class C13, a 4-4-2T steam locomotive class of 1907, built for suburban passenger services around London * OTO Melara C13 * Sauber C13, a 1994 racing car * Caldwell 13 (NGC 457, the Owl Cluster or ET Cluster), an open star cluster in the constellation Cassiopeia * The 13th century * in music, a chord with the structure 1 - 3 - 5 - b7 - 9 - 13 * Carbon-13, a natural stable isotope of carbon * Head and neck cancer, Malignant neoplasm of hypopharynx ICD-10 code * IEC 60320#C13/C14 coupler, C13/C14 Coupler, a class of cable connector used by most desktop computers {{Letter-Number C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station
The Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station () is a permanent Antarctic research station named after the Brazilian Navy Commander Luís Antônio de Carvalho Ferraz (1940–1982), who visited Antarctica many times with the British exploration team and managed to convince his government to create a self-guided Brazilian Antarctic Program. Located in Admiralty Bay (), King George Island (), near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, 130 km north of the peninsula, the station began operating on 6 February 1984, brought to Antarctica in modules by the oceanographic ship ''Barão de Teffé'' and several other Brazilian naval ships. It now houses about 64 people, including researchers, technicians and staff, military and civilians. History The station was named after Navy Commander Luís Antônio de Carvalho Ferraz, a hydrographer and oceanographer who visited Antarctica twice on British vessels. He was instrumental in persuading his country's government to develop an Antarctic pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the List of countries and dependencies by area, eighth-largest country in the world. Argentina shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a Federation, federal state subdivided into twenty-three Provinces of Argentina, provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and List of cities in Argentina by population, largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a Federalism, federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty ov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operación 90
Operación 90 (''Operation Ninety'') was the first Argentine ground expedition to the South Pole, carried out in 1965 by ten soldiers of the Argentine Army under then-Colonel Jorge Edgard Leal. It was also the first Latin-American expedition to the South Pole. It was named after the target: 90 degree South latitude In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate system, geographic coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Latitude is given as an angle that ranges from −90° at t ... point (the geographic South Pole) The operation had been originally conceived by General Hernán Pujato in the early 1950s but could not be carried out due a lack of forward bases and icebreakers The plan was revived in 1961, and finally approved in July 1962 Preparations began in 1963 and suffered multiple mishaps, including the loss of a Douglas C-47 plane, which crashed while scouting possible routes; the crew was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Deep Freeze
Operation Deep Freeze is the code name for a series of United States missions to Antarctica, beginning with "Operation Deep Freeze I" in 1955–56, followed by "Operation Deep Freeze II", "Operation Deep Freeze III", and so on. (There was an initial operation before Richard E. Byrd, Admiral Richard Byrd proposed 'Deep Freeze'). Given the continuing and constant US presence in Antarctica since that date, "Operation Deep Freeze" has come to be used as a general term for US operations in that continent, and in particular for the regular missions to resupply US Antarctic bases, coordinated by the Military of the United States, United States military. Task Force 199 was involved. For a few decades the missions were led by the United States Navy, though the Air National Guard and National Science Foundation are also important parts of the missions. In Antarctica, when the polar dawn starts late in the year things begin warming up and the mission usually runs from late in the year to ear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deception Island Incident
The Deception Island incident took place in February 1953 when a group of British Royal Marines landed on Deception Island in Antarctica, took two Argentine sailors prisoner and destroyed an Argentine Navy base. A nearby Chilean base was also destroyed. Background In 1943, the United Kingdom launched Operation Tabarin, with the goal of asserting its claim to a portion of Antarctica, which was also claimed by both Argentina and Chile. For the next few years, British warships would patrol the region, destroying Argentine and Chilean sovereignty markers. As part of this operation, British forces built a base on Whalers Bay, Deception Island, called ''Station B'' (62° 59′ S, 60° 34′ W) The island was considered to be of strategic importance due to its naturally protected deep water harbor. Despite these efforts, both Latin American countries continued to expand their presence in Antarctica, building more bases and installing new sovereignty markers. In early 1948, the Argenti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hope Bay Incident
The Hope Bay incident occurred in February 1952 at Hope Bay, Antarctica, Hope Bay on the Antarctic Peninsula. It involved an Argentine Navy, Argentine naval party from a nearby onshore base and a British landing party from the survey ship ''HMNZS Endeavour (1944), John Briscoe''. Background During the 19th century there had been increasing interest by various countries in the uninhabited, largely unexplored, and unclaimed continent of Antarctica and its many off-shore islands. The United Kingdom was first to lay formal claim, which it did in letters patent of 1908. This defined the boundaries of areas it claimed as dependencies of its Falkland Islands colony. One dependency was Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula, at the northern tip of which is Hope Bay, Antarctica, Hope Bay. Chile, in 1940, was next to define its claimed areas of Antarctica, and Argentina established its claim in several stages between 1940 and 1947. The claims of all three countries, including to the Antarcti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
González Videla Antarctic Base
González Videla Base is an inactive research station on the Antarctic mainland at Waterboat Point in Paradise Harbor, Paradise Bay. It is named after Chilean President Gabriel González Videla, who in the 1940s became the first chief of state of any nation to visit Antarctica. The station was active from 1951–58, and was reopened briefly in the early 1980s. Occasional summer visits are made by Chilean parties and tourists. On the north edge of the station there is a sign identifying Waterboat Point as an official historic site under the Antarctic Treaty. This was the place where the smallest ever wintering-over party (two men) spent a year and a day in 1921-1922. The two men, Thomas Bagshawe and M.C. Lester, had been part of the British Imperial Expedition, but their particular project, which involved flying a number of aircraft to the South Pole, was aborted. Nevertheless, they decided to stay over for the winter and made their shelter in an old whaling boat they found on thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HMAS Wyatt Earp
HMAS ''Wyatt Earp'' (formerly known as FV ''Fanefjord'', MV ''Wyatt Earp'', and HMAS ''Wongala'') was a motor vessel commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) from 1939 to 1945 and again from 1947 to 1948. Early years The ship was constructed as a single-deck motor vessel named FV ''Fanejord'', built from pine and oak for the Norwegian herring fishing trade. While being a motorised vessel, her masts and booms normally used for cargo handling were capable of being rigged for sailing in an emergency. She was purchased by the American explorer and aviator, Lincoln Ellsworth, for his 1933 Antarctic expedition, refitted and sheathed with oak and armour plate, and renamed ''Wyatt Earp Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848 – January 13, 1929) was an American lawman in the American West, including Dodge City, Kansas, Dodge City, Wichita, Kansas, Wichita, and Tombstone, Arizona, Tombstone. Earp was involved in the gunfight ...'' after the marshal of Dodge City and Tomb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
