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Methionine Sulfoximine
Methionine sulfoximine (MSO, also known as MetSox) is an irreversible glutamine synthetase inhibitor. It is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine with convulsant effects. L-Methionine sulfoximine is composed of two different diastereomers, which are L-''S''-Methionine sulfoximine and L-''R''-Methionine sulfoximine. These affect the longevity of the mouse model for Lou Gehrig's disease. Overproduction of glutamate results to excitotoxicity, which kills the cell. Since methionine sulfoximine inhibits glutamate production in the brain, it prevents excitotoxicity. Thus, increasing the longevity of the mice. Mechanism of action MSO is phosphorylated by glutamine synthetase. The resulting product acts as a transition state analog Transition state analogs (transition state analogues), are chemical compounds with a chemical structure that resembles the transition state of a substrate molecule in an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction. Enzymes interact with a substrate by mea ... tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buthionine Sulfoximine
Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) is a sulfoximine derivative which reduces levels of glutathione and is being investigated as an adjunct with chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. The compound inhibits gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the enzyme required in the first step of glutathione synthesis. Buthionine sulfoximine may also be used to increase the sensitivity of parasite Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted str ...s to oxidative antiparasitic drugs. References Alpha-Amino acids Sulfur amino acids Antineoplastic drugs Sulfoximines {{OrganicAcid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Excitotoxicity
In excitotoxicity, neuron, nerve cells suffer damage or death when the levels of otherwise necessary and safe neurotransmitters such as glutamic acid, glutamate become pathologically high, resulting in excessive stimulation of cell surface receptor, receptors. For example, when glutamate receptors such as the NMDA receptor or AMPA receptor encounter excessive levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, significant neuronal damage might ensue. Different mechanisms might lead to increased extracellular glutamate concentrations, e.g. reduced uptake by glutamate transporters (EAATs), synaptic hyperactivity, or abnormal release from different neural cell types. Excess glutamate allows high levels of calcium in biology, calcium ions (Ca2+) to enter the cell (biology), cell. Ca2+ influx into cells activates a number of enzymes, including phospholipases, endonucleases, and proteases such as calpain. These enzymes go on to damage cell structures such as components of the cytoskel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfur Amino Acids
Sulfur (American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphur ( Commonwealth spelling) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with the chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature. Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most common on Earth. Though sometimes found in pure, native form, sulfur on Earth usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in ancient India, ancient Greece, China, and ancient Egypt. Historically and in literature sulfur is also called brimstone, which means "burning stone". Almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.. Downloahere The greates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alpha-Amino Acids
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. Only these 22 appear in the genetic code of life. Amino acids can be classified according to the locations of the core structural functional groups ( alpha- , beta- , gamma- amino acids, etc.); other categories relate to polarity, ionization, and side-chain group type ( aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, polar, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino-acid '' residues'' form the second-largest component (water being the largest) of human muscles and other tissues. Beyond their role as residues in proteins, amino acids participate in a number of processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis. It is thought that they played a key role in enabling life on Earth and its emergence. Amino acids are formally named by the IUPAC- IUBMB Joint Commiss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glutamine Synthetase Inhibitors
Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Its side chain is similar to that of glutamic acid, except the carboxylic acid group is replaced by an amide. It is classified as a charge-neutral, polar amino acid. It is non-essential and conditionally essential in humans, meaning the body can usually synthesize sufficient amounts of it, but in some instances of stress, the body's demand for glutamine increases, and glutamine must be obtained from the diet. It is encoded by the codons CAA and CAG. It is named after glutamic acid, which in turn is named after its discovery in cereal proteins, gluten. In human blood, glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid. The dietary sources of glutamine include especially the protein-rich foods like beef, chicken, fish, dairy products, eggs, vegetables like beans, beets, cabbage, spinach, carrots, parsley, vegetable juices and also in wheat, papaya, Brussels sprouts, celery, kale and fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convulsants
A convulsant is a drug which induces convulsions or epileptic seizures, the opposite of an anticonvulsant. These drugs generally act as stimulants at low doses, but are not used for this purpose due to poor therapeutic index, therapeutic indices. Most convulsants are Receptor antagonist, antagonists (or inverse agonists) at either the GABA-A receptor, GABAA or/and glycine receptors (e.g the pesticide fipronil), or Ligand-gated ion channel, ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists (e.g the marine toxin domoic acid). Many other drugs may cause convulsions as a side effect at high doses (e.g. bupropion, tramadol, pethidine, dextropropoxyphene, clomipramine) but only drugs whose primary action is to cause convulsions are known as convulsants. Nerve agents such as sarin, which were developed as chemical weapons, produce convulsions as a major part of their toxidrome, but also produce a number of other effects in the body and are usually classified separately. Dieldrin which was developed a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MSO Phosphorylation Mechanism
MSO may refer to: Orchestras * Madison Symphony Orchestra, of Madison, Wisconsin, U.S. * Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia * Melbourne Ska Orchestra, of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia * Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. * Monroe Symphony Orchestra, of Monroe, Louisiana, U.S. * Montreal Symphony Orchestra, of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Businesses and organizations * Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, a media and merchandising company * McLaren Special Operations of McLaren Automotive * Mind Sports Organisation, a vehicle for promoting mental-skill games ** Mind Sports Olympiad Science and technology * Methionine sulfoximine, a chemical compound * Multiple system operator, an operator of multiple cable or direct-broadcast satellite TV systems * Murashige and Skoog medium, a plant growth medium used in laboratories for cellular cultivation * Mixed-signal oscilloscope * Monadic second-order logic, in mathematical logic Transportati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transition State Analog
Transition state analogs (transition state analogues), are chemical compounds with a chemical structure that resembles the transition state of a substrate molecule in an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction. Enzymes interact with a substrate by means of strain or distortions, moving the substrate towards the transition state. Transition state analogs can be used as inhibitors in enzyme-catalyzed reactions by blocking the active site of the enzyme. Theory suggests that enzyme inhibitors which resembled the transition state structure would bind more tightly to the enzyme than the actual substrate. Examples of drugs that are transition state analog inhibitors include flu medications such as the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir and the HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir in the treatment of AIDS. Transition state analogue The transition state of a structure can best be described in regards to statistical mechanics where the energies of bonds breaking and forming have an equa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phosphorylation
In biochemistry, phosphorylation is described as the "transfer of a phosphate group" from a donor to an acceptor. A common phosphorylating agent (phosphate donor) is ATP and a common family of acceptor are alcohols: : This equation can be written in several ways that are nearly equivalent that describe the behaviors of various protonated states of ATP, ADP, and the phosphorylated product. As is clear from the equation, a phosphate group per se is not transferred, but a phosphoryl group (PO3-). Phosphoryl is an electrophile. This process and its inverse, dephosphorylation, are common in biology. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Protein phosphorylation often activates (or deactivates) many enzymes. During respiration Phosphorylation is essential to the processes of both anaerobic and aerobic respiration, which involve the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "high-energy" exc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glutamate
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; known as glutamate in its anionic form) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is a Essential amino acid, non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that the human body can synthesize enough for its use. It is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons. Its molecular formula is . Glutamic acid exists in two optically isomeric forms; the optical rotation, dextrorotatory -form is usually obtained by hydrolysis of gluten or from the waste waters of beet-sugar manufacture or by fermentation.Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, Third Edition, 1971. Its molecular structure could be idealized as HOOC−CH()−()2−COOH, with two carboxylic acid, carboxyl groups −COOH and one amine, amino group � ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glufosinate
Glufosinate (also known as phosphinothricin and often sold as an ammonium salt) is a naturally occurring broad-spectrum herbicide produced by several species of ''Streptomyces'' soil bacteria. Glufosinate is a non-selective, contact herbicide, with some systemic action. Plants may also metabolize bialaphos and phosalacine, other naturally occurring herbicides, directly into glufosinate. The compound irreversibly inhibits glutamine synthetase, an enzyme necessary for the production of glutamine and for ammonia detoxification, giving it antibacterial, antifungal and herbicidal properties. Application of glufosinate to plants leads to reduced glutamine and elevated ammonia levels in tissues, halting photosynthesis and resulting in plant death. Discovery In the 1960s and early 1970s, scientists at University of Tübingen and at the Meiji Seika Kaisha Company independently discovered that species of ''Streptomyces'' bacteria produce a tripeptide they called bialaphos that inhibits ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lou Gehrig's Disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or—in the United States—Lou Gehrig's disease (LGD), is a rare, terminal neurodegenerative disorder that results in the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons that normally control voluntary muscle contraction. ALS is the most common form of the motor neuron diseases. ALS often presents in its early stages with gradual muscle stiffness, twitches, weakness, and wasting. Motor neuron loss typically continues until the abilities to eat, speak, move, and, lastly, breathe are all lost. While only 15% of people with ALS also fully develop frontotemporal dementia, an estimated 50% face at least some minor difficulties with thinking and behavior. Depending on which of the aforementioned symptoms develops first, ALS is classified as ''limb-onset'' (begins with weakness in the arms or legs) or ''bulbar-onset'' (begins with difficulty in speaking or swallowing). Most cases of AL ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
