Metal Hydroxides
In chemistry, metal hydroxides are a family of compounds of the form where M is a metal. They consist of hydroxide () anions and metallic cations, and are often strong bases. Some metal hydroxides, such as alkali metal hydroxides, ionize completely when dissolved. Certain metal hydroxides are weak electrolytes and dissolve only partially in aqueous solution. Examples * Aluminium hydroxide * Beryllium hydroxide * Cobalt(II) hydroxide * Copper(II) hydroxide * Curium hydroxide * Gold(III) hydroxide * Iron(II) hydroxide * Mercury(II) hydroxide * Nickel(II) hydroxide * Tin(II) hydroxide * Uranyl hydroxide * Zinc hydroxide * Zirconium(IV) hydroxide * Lithium hydroxide * Rubidium hydroxide * Cesium hydroxide * Sodium hydroxide * Potassium hydroxide Alkali metal hydroxides Other metal hydroxides * Gallium(III) hydroxide * Lead(II) hydroxide * Thallium(I) hydroxide * Thallium(III) hydroxide Molecular metal hydroxides Many metal hydroxides are in fact complexes, i.e. molecul ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and chemical compound, compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during chemical reaction, reactions with other chemical substance, substances. Chemistry also addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds. In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology. It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both Basic research, basic and Applied science, applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level. For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant growth (botany), the formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are degraded (ecology), the prop ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Gold(III) Hydroxide
Gold(III) hydroxide, gold trihydroxide, or gold hydroxide is an inorganic compound, a hydroxide of gold Gold is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol Au (from Latin ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a brightness, bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal ..., with formula Au(OH)3. It is also called auric acid with formula H3AuO3. It is easily dehydrated above 140 °C to gold(III) oxide. Salts of auric acid are termed aurates. Gold hydroxide is used in medicine, porcelain making, gold plating, and daguerrotypes. Gold hydroxide deposited on suitable carriers can be used for preparation of gold catalysts. Gold hydroxide is a product of electrochemical corrosion of gold metalization subjected to moisture and positive electric potential; it is one of the corrosion failure modes of microelectronics. Voluminous gold hydroxide is produced from gold metalization; after the layer ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Gallium(III) Hydroxide
Gallium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is formed as a gel following the addition of ammonia to salts.Anthony John Downs, (1993), ''Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium'', Springer, It is also found in nature as the rare mineral söhngeite which is reported to contain octahedrally coordinated gallium atoms. Crystal Structure of a new mineral söhngeite, J.D. Scott, The American Mineralogist, (1971), 56, 355 Gallium hydroxide is amphoteric. In strongly acidic conditions, the gallium ion An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convent ..., is formed. In strongly basic conditions, (tetrahydroxogallate(III)) is formed. Salts of are sometimes called gallates. References Hydroxides Gallium compounds {{inorganic-compou ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula K OH, and is commonly called caustic potash. Along with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), KOH is a prototypical strong base. It has many industrial and niche applications, most of which utilize its caustic nature and its reactivity toward acids. An estimated 700,000 to 800,000 tonnes were produced in 2005. KOH is noteworthy as the precursor to most soft and liquid soaps, as well as numerous potassium-containing chemicals. It is a white solid that is dangerously corrosive. Properties and structure KOH exhibits high thermal stability. Because of this high stability and relatively low melting point, it is often melt-cast as pellets or rods, forms that have low surface area and convenient handling properties. These pellets become tacky in air because KOH is hygroscopic. Most commercial samples are ca. 90% pure, the remainder being water and carbonates. Its dissolution in water is strongly exothermic. Concentrated aqueous ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions . Sodium hydroxide is a highly corrosive base (chemistry), base and alkali that decomposes lipids and proteins at ambient temperatures and at high concentrations may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates . The monohydrate crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, sodium hydroxide is frequently used alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the making of wood pulp and paper, tex ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Cesium Hydroxide
Caesium hydroxide is a strong base (pKa= 15.76) containing the highly reactive alkali metal caesium, much like the other alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. It is the strongest of the five alkali metal hydroxides. Fused caesium hydroxide has applications in bringing glass samples into a solution for analytical purposes in the commercial glass industry and a defense waste processing facility as it is able to dissolve glass by attacking its silica framework. The melting process is carried out in a nickel or zirconium crucible. Caesium hydroxide fusion at 750°C produces complete dissolution of glass pellets. Due to its high reactivity, caesium hydroxide is extremely hygroscopic. Laboratory caesium hydroxide is typically a hydrate. It is an anisotropic etchant of silicon, exposing octahedral planes. This technique can form pyramids and regularly shaped etch pits for uses such as Microelectromechanical systems. It is known to have a higher sele ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Rubidium Hydroxide
Rubidium hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula RbOH. It consists of rubidium cations and an equal number of hydroxide anions. It is a colorless solid that is commercially available as aqueous solutions from a few suppliers. Like other strong bases, rubidium hydroxide is highly caustic. Rubidium hydroxide is formed when rubidium metal reacts with water. Uses Rubidium hydroxide is rarely used in industrial processes because potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide can perform nearly all the same functions of rubidium hydroxide. Metal oxide catalysts Catalysis () is the increase in reaction rate, rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst ... are sometimes modified with rubidium hydroxide. References * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Rubidium Hydroxide Rubidium compounds Hydroxides ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Lithium Hydroxide
Lithium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula LiOH. It can exist as anhydrous or hydrated, and both forms are white hygroscopic solids. They are soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. Both are available commercially. While classified as a strong base, lithium hydroxide is the weakest known alkali metal hydroxide. Production The preferred feedstock is hard-rock spodumene, where the lithium content is expressed as % lithium oxide. Lithium carbonate route Lithium hydroxide is often produced industrially from lithium carbonate in a metathesis reaction with calcium hydroxide: : The initially produced hydrate is dehydrated by heating under vacuum up to 180 °C. Lithium sulfate route An alternative route involves the intermediacy of lithium sulfate: :α- spodumene → β-spodumene :β-spodumene + CaO → + ... : : The main by-products are gypsum and sodium sulphate, which have some market value. Commercial setting According to Bloomberg, Ganfeng ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Zirconium(IV) Hydroxide
Zirconium (IV) hydroxide, often called hydrous zirconia is an ill-defined material or family of materials variously described as and . All are white solids with low solubility in water. These materials are widely employed in the preparation of solid acid catalysts. These materials are generated by mild base hydrolysis of zirconium halide In chemistry, a halide (rarely halogenide) is a binary chemical compound, of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less electronegative (or more electropositive) than the halogen, to make a fl ...s and nitrates. A typical precursor is zirconium oxychloride. References External links * Hydroxides Zirconium(IV) compounds {{inorganic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Zinc Hydroxide
Zinc hydroxide Zn( OH)2 is an inorganic chemical compound. It also occurs naturally as 3 rare minerals: wülfingite (orthorhombic), ashoverite and sweetite (both tetragonal). Like the hydroxides of other metals, such as lead, aluminium, beryllium, tin and chromium, Zinc hydroxide (and Zinc oxide), is amphoteric. Thus it will dissolve readily in a dilute solution of a strong acid, such as HCl, and also in a solution of an alkali such as sodium hydroxide. Preparation It can be prepared by first dissolving zinc oxide in concentrated aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The resulting solution is strongly diluted. :Zn2+ + 2 OH− → Zn(OH)2. The initial colorless solution contains the zincate ion: :Zn(OH)2 + 2 OH− → Zn(OH)42−. Zinc hydroxide will dissolve because the ion is normally surrounded by water ligands; when excess sodium hydroxide is added to the solution the hydroxide ions will reduce the complex to a −2 charge and make it soluble. When excess ammonia i ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Uranyl Hydroxide
Uranyl hydroxide is a hydroxide of uranium with the chemical formula UO2(OH)2 in the monomeric form and UO2)2(OH)4sup>2- in the dimeric; both forms may exist in normal aqueous media. In aerobic conditions, up to 5 hydroxides can bind to uranyl ( UO2)2(OH)5sup>3-). Uranyl hydroxide hydrate is precipitated as a colloidal yellowcake from oxidized uranium liquors near neutral pH. Uranyl hydroxide was once used in glassmaking and ceramics in the colouring of the vitreous phases and the preparation of pigments for high temperature firing. The introduction of alkaline diuranates (like sodium diuranate) into glasses leads to yellow by transmission, green by reflection; moreover these glasses become dichroic and fluorescent under ultraviolet rays. Uranyl hydroxide is teratogenic and radioactive Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiat ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Tin(II) Hydroxide
Tin(II) hydroxide, Sn(OH)2, also known as ''stannous hydroxide'', is an inorganic compound tin(II). The only related material for which definitive information is available is the oxy hydroxide Sn6O4(OH)4, but other related materials are claimed. They are all white solids that are insoluble in water. Preparation and structure Crystals of Sn6O4(OH)4 has been characterized by X-ray diffraction. This cluster is obtained from solution of basic solutions of tin(II). The compound consists of an octahedron of Sn centers, each face of which is capped by an oxide or a hydroxide. The structure is reminiscent of the Mo6S8 subunit of the Chevrel phase Octahedral clusters are inorganic or organometallic cluster compounds composed of six metals in an octahedral array.Eric J. Welch and Jeffrey R. Long ''Atomlike Building Units of Adjustable Character: Solid-State and Solution Routes to Manipulating ...s.. The structure of pure Sn(OH)2 is not known. Sn(OH)2 has been claimed to arise from the r ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |