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Melanocortin 3 Receptor
Melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene. Function This gene encodes MC3R, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) for melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) that is expressed in the brain. ''MC3R regulates the timing of sexual maturation, the rate of linear growth and the accrual of lean mass, which are all energy-sensitive processes. Humans who carry loss-of-function mutations in MC3R have a later onset of puberty.'' Research Studies performed by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Developmen(NICHD) found that two specific polymorphisms in the ''MC3R'' gene may be associated with pediatric obesity and greater body mass because of greater energy intake. Children who were homozygous for C17A + G241A consumed approximately 38% more than those who did not contain aforementioned polymorphisms. The study concluded that these genetic variants did not affect energy expendi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GPR12
Probable G-protein coupled receptor 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR12'' gene. The gene product of GPR12 is an orphan receptor, meaning that its endogenous ligand is currently unknown. Gene disruption of GPR12 in mice results in dyslipidemia and obesity. Ligands ;Inverse agonists * Cannabidiol Evolution Paralogues Source: * GPR6 * GPR3 * S1PR5 * CNR1 * CNR2 * MC4R * S1PR1 * MC3R * MC2R * S1PR2 * MC1R * S1PR3 * LPAR2 * MC5R * LPAR1 Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 also known as LPA1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LPAR1'' gene. LPA1 is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the lipid signaling molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Function The integral ... * S1PR4 * LPAR3 * GPR119 References Further reading * G protein-coupled receptors {{transmembranereceptor-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melanocortin Receptor
Melanocortin receptors are members of the rhodopsin family of 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. There are five known members of the melanocortin receptor system each with differing specificities for melanocortins: * . MC1R is associated with pigmentation genetics. * . MC2R is also known as the ACTH receptor or corticotropin receptor because it is specific for ACTH alone. * . MC3R is associated with childhood growth, accrual of lean mass and onset of puberty. * . Defects in MC4R are a cause of autosomal dominant obesity, accounting for 6% of all cases of early-onset obesity. * . MC5R These receptors are inhibited by endogenous inverse agonists agouti signalling peptide and agouti-related peptide, and activated by synthetic (i.e. afamelanotide) and endogenous agonist melanocyte-stimulating hormones. Selective ligands Several selective ligands for the melanocortin receptors are known, and some synthetic compounds have been investigated as potential tanning, anti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cannabinoid Receptor 2
The cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), is a G protein-coupled receptor from the cannabinoid receptor family that in humans is encoded by the ''CNR2'' gene. It is closely related to the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), which is largely responsible for the efficacy of endocannabinoid-mediated presynaptic-inhibition, the psychoactive properties of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active agent in cannabis, and other phytocannabinoids (plant cannabinoids). The principal endogenous ligand for the CB2 receptor is 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). CB2 was cloned in 1993 by a research group from Cambridge looking for a second cannabinoid receptor that could explain the pharmacological properties of tetrahydrocannabinol. The receptor was identified among cDNAs based on its similarity in amino-acid sequence to the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) receptor, discovered in 1990. The discovery of this receptor helped provide a molecular explanation for the established effects of cannabinoids on the im ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
S1PR4
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 4 also known as S1PR4 is a human gene which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the lipid signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Hence this receptor is also known as S1P4. Function This gene is a member of the endothelial differentiation, G-protein-coupled (EDG) receptor gene family. EDG receptors bind lysophospholipids or lysosphingolipids as ligands, and are involved in cell signalling in many different cell types. This EDG receptor gene is intronless and is specifically expressed in the lymphoid tissue. Evolution Paralogues to S1PR4 Gene * S1PR5 * S1PR3 * S1PR1 * S1PR2 * LPAR2 * LPAR1 * LPAR3 * CNR1 * GPR6 * CNR2 * GPR3 * GPR12 * MC4R * MC5R * MC3R * MC2R * MC1R * GPR119 See also * Lysophospholipid receptor The lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling. In humans, there are eleven L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
S1PR5
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 5 also known as S1PR5 is a human gene which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the lipid signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Hence this receptor is also known as S1P5. Agonists * A-971432 * Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists: a patent review (2010-2012) Evolution Paralogues for S1PR5 Gene * S1PR1 * S1PR3 * S1PR2 * S1PR4 * LPAR1 * LPAR2 * GPR3 * LPAR3 * GPR12 * CNR1 * GPR6 * CNR2 * MC4R * MC3R * MC5R * GPR119 * MC1R * MC2R See also * Lysophospholipid receptor The lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling. In humans, there are eleven LPL receptor (biochemistry), receptors, each encode ... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * * G protein-coupled receptors {{transmembranereceptor-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LPAR3
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 also known as LPA3 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the ''LPAR3'' gene. LPA3 is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the lipid signaling molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Function This gene encodes a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, as well as the EDG family of proteins. This protein functions as a cellular receptor for lysophosphatidic acid and mediates lysophosphatidic acid-evoked calcium mobilization. This receptor couples predominantly to G(q/11) alpha proteins. Evolution Paralogues Source: * LPAR1 * LPAR2 * S1PR1 * S1PR3 * S1PR4 * S1PR2 * S1PR5 * CNR1 * GPR3 * MC5R * GPR6 * GPR12 * MC4R * CNR2 * MC3R * MC1R * MC2R * GPR119 See also * Lysophospholipid receptor The lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling. In humans, there are eleven LPL receptor (biochemistry), receptors, eac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cannabinoid Receptor 1
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), is a G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor that in humans is encoded by the ''CNR1'' gene. And discovered, by determination and characterization in 1988, and cloned in 1990 for the first time. The human CB1 receptor is expressed in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. It is activated by endogenous cannabinoids called endocannabinoids, a group of retrograde neurotransmitters that include lipids, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol; plant phytocannabinoids, such as docosatetraenoylethanolamide found in wild dagga, the compound tetrahydrocannabinol which is an active constituent of the psychoactive drug cannabis; and synthetic analogs of tetrahydrocannabinol. CB1 is antagonized by the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabivarin at low doses and at higher doses, it activates the CB1 receptor as an agonist, but with less potency than tetrahydrocannabinol. The primary endogenous agonist of the human CB1 receptor is ana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GPR119
G protein-coupled receptor 119 also known as GPR119 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR119'' gene. GPR119, along with GPR55 and GPR18, have been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors. Pharmacology GPR119 is expressed predominantly in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract in rodents and humans, as well as in the brain in rodents. Activation of the receptor has been shown to cause a reduction in food intake and body weight gain in rats. GPR119 has also been shown to regulate incretin and insulin hormone secretion. As a result, new drugs acting on the receptor have been suggested as novel treatments for obesity and diabetes. Ligands A number of endogenous, synthetic and plant derived ligands for this receptor have been identified: * 2-Oleoylglycerol (2OG) * Anandamide * AR-231,453 * MBX-2982 * Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) (Endogenous Ligand) * PSN-375,963 * PSN-632,408 Human microbiota and GPR119 activation Commensal bacte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GPR3
G-protein coupled receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR3'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family of transmembrane receptors and is involved in signal transduction. GPR3 mRNA is broadly expressed in neurons in various brain regions, including the cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, pituitary, and cerebellum. GPR3 mRNA is also expressed in the eye, lung, kidney, liver, testes, and ovary, among other tissues. Individuals afflicted by Alzheimer's disease have in many cases, overexpression of the GPR3 protein in their neurons. Function GPR3 activates adenylate cyclase in the absence of ligand. GPR3 was first described as a constitutive activator of adenylate cyclase. This constitutive activity could be due to stimulation by a ubiquitous ligand that may be free, membrane-bound, or membrane-derived. Alternatively, they propose that this could also be due to basal Gs coupling. Various g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
S1PR3
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 also known as ''S1PR3'' is a human gene which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the lipid signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Hence this receptor is also known as S1P3. Function This gene encodes a member of the EDG family of receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors. This protein has been identified as a functional receptor for sphingosine 1-phosphate and likely contributes to the regulation of angiogenesis and vascular endothelial cell function. Evolution Paralogues to S1PR3 Gene * S1PR1 * S1PR5 * S1PR2 * S1PR4 * LPAR1 * LPAR3 * LPAR2 * CNR1 * MC5R * GPR6 * GPR12 * MC4R * CNR2 * GPR3 * MC3R * MC2R * GPR119 * MC1R See also * Lysophospholipid receptor The lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling. In humans, there are eleven LPL receptor (biochemistry), receptors, each ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LPAR2
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2 also known as LPA2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LPAR2'' gene. LPA2 is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the lipid signaling molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Function This gene encodes a member of family I of the G protein-coupled receptors, as well as the EDG family of proteins. This protein functions as a lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor and contributes to Ca2+ mobilization, a critical cellular response to LPA in cells, through association with Gi and Gq proteins. Interactions LPAR2 has been shown to interact with TRIP6. Evolution Paralogues Source: * LPAR1 * LPAR3 * S1PR1 * S1PR5 * S1PR4 * S1PR2 * S1PR3 * GPR6 * GPR3 * GPR12 * MC4R * MC5R * CNR1 * MC3R * CNR2 * MC1R * GPR119 * MC2R See also * Lysophospholipid receptor The lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
