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Mammutid
Mammutidae is an extinct family (biology), family of proboscideans belonging to Elephantimorpha. It is best known for the Mastodon, mastodons (genus ''Mammut''), which inhabited North America from the Late Miocene (around 8 million years ago) until their extinction at the beginning of the Holocene, around 11,000 years ago. The earliest fossils of the group are known from the Late Oligocene of Africa, around 24 million years ago, and fossils of the group have also been found across Eurasia. The name "mastodon" derives from Greek language, Greek, "nipple" and "tooth", referring to their characteristic teeth. Description Mammutids are characterised by their zygodont molars, where pairs of parallel Cusp (anatomy), cusps are merged into sharp-sided riges, which are morphologically conservative and differ little between mammutid species.'''' Like other members of Elephantimorpha, mammutids exhibited horizontal tooth replacement like modern elephants. Some authors have argued that h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mastodon
A mastodon, from Ancient Greek μαστός (''mastós''), meaning "breast", and ὀδούς (''odoús'') "tooth", is a member of the genus ''Mammut'' (German for 'mammoth'), which was endemic to North America and lived from the late Miocene to the early Holocene. Mastodons belong to the order Proboscidea, the same order as elephants and mammoths (which belong to the family Elephantidae). ''Mammut'' is the type genus of the extinct family Mammutidae, which diverged from the ancestors of modern elephants at least 27–25 million years ago, during the Oligocene. Like other members of Mammutidae, the molar (tooth), molar teeth of mastodons have zygodont morphology (where parallel pairs of cusp (anatomy), cusps are merged into sharp ridges), which strongly differ from those of elephantids. In comparison to its likely ancestor ''Zygolophodon'', ''Mammut'' is characterized by particularly long and upward curving upper tusks, reduced or absent tusks on the lower jaw, as well a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zygolophodon
''Zygolophodon'' is an extinct genus of mammutid proboscidean that lived during the Miocene in Africa, Eurasia, and North America. Description As with other mammutids, the molars have a zygodont morphology. The fused front region of the lower jaw (the mandibular symphysis) is elongate and bears tusks/incisors. The upper tusks have enamel bands and are untwisted and downward curving, and outwardly diverge from each other. The jaws retained permanent premolar teeth. Species probably reached similar sizes to the American mastodon, with a shoulder height of estimated for the species ''Z. metachinjiensis.'' Ecology ''Zygolophodon'' is suggested to have primarily had a browsing-based diet. Its teeth primarily served to vertically chew plant material. Taxonomy ''Zygolophodon'' belongs in the family Mammutidae, whose best known member is the American mastodon (''Mammut americanum''). The genus likely originated in Africa. The oldest species is ''Z. aegyptensis,'' known from Eg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miomastodon
''Zygolophodon'' is an extinct genus of mammutid proboscidean that lived during the Miocene in Africa, Eurasia, and North America. Description As with other mammutids, the molars have a zygodont morphology. The fused front region of the lower jaw (the mandibular symphysis) is elongate and bears tusks/incisors. The upper tusks have enamel bands and are untwisted and downward curving, and outwardly diverge from each other. The jaws retained permanent premolar teeth. Species probably reached similar sizes to the American mastodon, with a shoulder height of estimated for the species ''Z. metachinjiensis.'' Ecology ''Zygolophodon'' is suggested to have primarily had a browsing-based diet. Its teeth primarily served to vertically chew plant material. Taxonomy ''Zygolophodon'' belongs in the family Mammutidae, whose best known member is the American mastodon (''Mammut americanum''). The genus likely originated in Africa. The oldest species is ''Z. aegyptensis,'' known from Egypt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
"Mammut" Borsoni
''"Mammut" borsoni'' (sometimes called Borson's mastodon) is an extinct species of mammutid proboscidean known from the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene of Eurasia, spanning from western Europe to China. It is the last known mammutid in Eurasia, and amongst the largest of all proboscideans and largest known land mammals. Taxonomy ''"Mammut" borsoni'' was first described by American naturalist Isaac Hays in 1834 as ''Mastodon borsoni'', for a tooth discovered near Villanova d'Asti in Piedmont, Italy. It was named after professor , who had originally attributed the tooth to the species ''Mastodon giganteum.'' Since its description it has been attributed to both the genera '' Zygolophodon'' and ''Mammut'' (the latter of which contains the American mastodons)''.'' The attribution of ''"M". borsoni'' to ''Mammut'' has been considered questionable, as the type species for ''Mammut'' is known from North America, and there is no evidence there was a migration of ''Mammut'' from Eu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proboscidea
Proboscidea (; , ) is a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family (Elephantidae) and several extinct families. First described by J. Illiger in 1811, it encompasses the elephants and their close relatives. Three living species of elephant are currently recognised: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. Extinct members of Proboscidea include the deinotheres, mastodons, gomphotheres and stegodonts. The family Elephantidae also contains several extinct groups, including mammoths and '' Palaeoloxodon''. Proboscideans include some of the largest known land mammals, with the elephant '' Palaeoloxodon namadicus'' and mastodon ''"Mammut" borsoni'' suggested to have body masses surpassing , rivalling or exceeding paraceratheres (the otherwise largest known land mammals) in size. The largest extant proboscidean is the African bush elephant, with a world record of size of at the shoulder and . In addition to thei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elephantimorpha
Elephantimorpha is a clade of proboscideans that contains the Mammutidae (mastodons), as well as Elephantida ( amebelodonts, choerolophodonts, gomphotheres, stegodontids and elephantids). All members of Elephantimorpha have the horizontal tooth replacement typical of modern elephants, where the cheek teeth progressively migrate forwards in the jaw like a conveyor belt. This a distinctive characteristic of this group (synapomorphy) and is not found in more primitive non-elephantimorph Elephantiformes. Members of Elephantida are distinguished from mammutids by the reduced angular process of the lower jaw. Like modern elephants, the ancestor of Elephantimorpha was likely capable of communicating via infrasonic calls. While early elephantimorphs generally had lower jaws where the fused front part (the mandibular symphysis) was greatly elongated with well developed lower tusks/incisors, from the Late Miocene onwards, many groups convergently developed brevirostrine (shortened) lowe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinomammut
''Sinomammut'' (meaning "Chinese ''Mammut''") is a mammutid proboscidean from the Miocene of China. Only one species, ''S. tobieni'', is known, named in 2016. Discovery and naming It was known from the holotype, specimen GIOTC 0984-9-178, which was a single fragmentary mandible found in the 1990s, however, most of the specimen has been lost, leaving only the right ramus and an ''in-situ'' photograph of the mandible. The surviving ramus, known as the "Yanghecun specimen", was collected in 1999 in the Neogene-aged Xihe Linxian Basin in Miocene-aged deposits by Zhao Desi. The left branch of the jaw was lost during the salvage and is only documented by a photo of the fossil ''in situ''. In 2007, Xie GuangPu, also involved in the initial description, published the find under the scientific name ''Sinomastodon intermedium''.GP, Xie. (2007). Identification on elephantoid teeth and fossil elephantoids in Gansu (in Chinese). In: EJ (Ed), ''The Collection of Disquisitions for West Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elephantida
Elephantimorpha is a clade of proboscideans that contains the Mammutidae (mastodons), as well as Elephantida ( amebelodonts, choerolophodonts, gomphotheres, stegodontids and elephantids). All members of Elephantimorpha have the horizontal tooth replacement typical of modern elephants, where the cheek teeth progressively migrate forwards in the jaw like a conveyor belt. This a distinctive characteristic of this group (synapomorphy) and is not found in more primitive non-elephantimorph Elephantiformes. Members of Elephantida are distinguished from mammutids by the reduced angular process of the lower jaw. Like modern elephants, the ancestor of Elephantimorpha was likely capable of communicating via infrasonic calls. While early elephantimorphs generally had lower jaws where the fused front part (the mandibular symphysis) was greatly elongated with well developed lower tusks/incisors, from the Late Miocene onwards, many groups convergently developed brevirostrine (shortened) low ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gomphotheres
Gomphotheres are an extinct group of proboscideans related to modern Elephant, elephants. First appearing in Africa during the Oligocene, they dispersed into Eurasia and North America during the Miocene and arrived in South America during the Pleistocene as part of the Great American Interchange. Gomphotheres are a Paraphyly, paraphyletic group ancestral to Elephantidae, which contains modern elephants, as well as Stegodontidae. While most famous forms such as ''Gomphotherium'' had long lower jaws with tusks, the Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy, ancestral condition for the group, some later members developed shortened (brevirostrine) lower jaws with either vestigial or no lower tusks and outlasted the long-jawed gomphotheres. This change made them look very similar to modern elephants, an example of parallel evolution. During the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, the diversity of gomphotheres declined, ultimately becoming extinct outside of the Americas. The last two genera, ''Cuv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eozygodon
''Eozygodon'' is an extinct genus of proboscidean in the family Mammutidae. It is a monotypic genus that contains the single species ''E. morotoensis'', named in 1983. It is known from the Early Miocene of Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Namibia) and well as possibly the Middle Miocene of China. It is considered a primitive member of the family, retaining a long lower jaw (longirostrine) with lower tusks. The upper tusks are small, and are only slightly divergent from each other. The skull of the young adult (around 24-26 years old in African elephant tooth wear equivalent years) AM 02 from Auchas, Namibia, was around the size of that of a 10 year old American mastodon,Tassy, P. 2018Remarks on the cranium of ''Eozygodon morotoensis'' (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the early Miocene of Africa, and the question of the monophyly of Elephantimorpha Revue Paléobiologie, Genève, 37:593-607. around in maximum length. Some authors suggest that ''Eozygodon'' could be less closely related to othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stegodontids
Stegodontidae is an extinct family of proboscideans from Africa and Asia (with a single occurrence in Europe) from the Early Miocene (at least 17.3 million years ago) to the Late Pleistocene. It contains two genera, the earlier ''Stegolophodon'', known from the Miocene of Asia and the later ''Stegodon,'' from the Late Miocene to Late Pleistocene of Africa and Asia (with a single occurrence in Greece) which is thought to have evolved from the former. The group is noted for their plate-like lophs on their teeth, which are similar to elephants and different from those of other extinct proboscideans like gomphotheres Gomphotheres are an extinct group of proboscideans related to modern Elephant, elephants. First appearing in Africa during the Oligocene, they dispersed into Eurasia and North America during the Miocene and arrived in South America during the Ple ... and mammutids, with both groups having a proal jaw movement utilizing forward strokes of the lower jaw. These similar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
