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Ktiv Haser
''Ktiv hasar niqqud'' (; , literally "spelling lacking niqqud"), colloquially known as ''ktiv maleh'' (; , literally "full spelling"), are the rules for writing Hebrew without vowel points ''(niqqud)'', often replacing them with matres lectionis ( and ). To avoid confusion, consonantal () and () are doubled in the middle of words. In general use, ''niqqud'' are rarely used, except in specialized texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants. Comparison example From a Hebrew translation of "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe (translated by Eliyahu Tsifer): Historical examination Ktiv haser Ktiv haser () is writing whose consonants match those generally used in voweled text, but without the actual niqqud. For example, the words and written in ktiv haser are and . In vowelled text, the niqqud indicate the correct vowels, but when the niqqud is missing, the text is difficult to read, and the reader must make use of the context of each word ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colloquially
Colloquialism (also called ''colloquial language'', ''colloquial speech'', ''everyday language'', or ''general parlance'') is the linguistic style used for casual and informal communication. It is the most common form of speech in conversation among persons in friendship, familial, intimate, and other informal contexts. Colloquialism is characterized by the usage of figurative language, contractions, filler words, interjections, and other informalities such as slang. In contrast to formal and professional communications, colloquial speech does not adhere to grammar and syntax rules and thus may be considered inappropriate and impolite in situations and settings where etiquette is expected or required. It has a rapidly changing lexicon and can also be distinguished by its usage of formulations with incomplete logical and syntactic ordering. Definition Colloquialism is distinct from formal speech or formal writing.colloquial. (n.d.) Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tikkun (book)
A tikkun or tiqqun () is a book used by Jews to prepare for reading or writing a Torah scroll. There are two types of tikkun, a ''tikkun qorʾim'' "reader's tikkun" and a ''tikkun soferim'' " scribe's tikkun". Tikkun qor'im A ''tiqqun qorʾim'' "readers' tikkun" is a study guide used when preparing a Torah reading for a synagogue. Each tikkun contains two renditions of the Masoretic Text. The right side of each page is written with the niqqud (vowel marks) and Hebrew cantillation, while the left is written in unpointed Hebrew as it appears in a Torah scroll. Reciters must master the tune ("trope," ) and pronunciation of the words beforehand because a Torah scroll itself has neither niqqud nor cantillation marks and because there are places where the word to be read differs from that written in the scroll (the Qere and Ketiv). Tikkun soferim A ''tiqqun soferim'' (scribes' ''tikkun'') is similar but is designed as a guide or model text for scribes. It contains additional infor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Given Name
A given name (also known as a forename or first name) is the part of a personal name quoted in that identifies a person, potentially with a middle name as well, and differentiates that person from the other members of a group (typically a family or clan) who have a common surname. The term ''given name'' refers to a name usually bestowed at or close to the time of birth, usually by the parents of the newborn. A ''Christian name'' is the first name which is given at baptism, in Christian custom. In informal situations, given names are often used in a familiar and friendly manner. In more formal situations, a person's surname is more commonly used. In Western culture, the idioms "" and "being on first-name terms" refer to the familiarity inherent in addressing someone by their given name. By contrast, a surname (also known as a family name, last name, or Gentile name, ''gentile'' name) is normally inherited and shared with other members of one's immediate family. Regnal names ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guttural
Guttural Phone (phonetics), speech sounds are those with a primary place of articulation near the back of the oral cavity, where it is difficult to distinguish a sound's place of articulation and its phonation. In popular usage it is an imprecise term for sounds produced relatively far back in the vocal tract, such as the German ''ch'' or the Arabic ayin, but not simple glottal sounds like ''h''. The term 'guttural language' is used for languages that have such sounds. As a technical term used by phoneticians and phonologists, ''guttural'' has had various definitions. The concept always includes pharyngeal consonants, but may include velar consonant, velar, uvular consonant, uvular or laryngeal consonants as well. Guttural sounds are typically consonants, but breathy voice, murmured, Pharyngealization, pharyngealized, glottalization, glottalized and strident vowels may be also considered guttural in nature. Some phonologists argue that all post-velar sounds constitute a natural clas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hirik
Hiriq, also called Chirik ( ' ) is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by a single dot underneath the letter. In Modern Hebrew, it indicates the phoneme which is similar to the "ee" sound in the English word ''deep'' and is transliterated with "i". In Yiddish, it indicates the phoneme which is the same as the "i" sound in the English word ''skip'' and is transliterated with "i". Spelling When writing with niqqud, the letter '' yud'' is often written after the letter that carries the Hiriq sign. This is called ( ), meaning "full" (or "plene") hiriq. In writing without niqqud, the letter yud is added more often as a mater lectionis, than in writing with niqqud, The main exception is the "i" vowel in a syllable that ends with shva naḥ. For example the words (series) and (she organized) are pronounced identically in modern Hebrew, but in spelling without niqqud is written because there is a shva naḥ on the letter , and is written . In Yiddish orthography t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsere
Tzere (also spelled ''Tsere'', ''Tzeirei'', ''Zere'', ''Zeire'', ''Ṣērê''; modern , , sometimes also written ; formerly ''ṣērê'') is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by two horizontally-aligned dots "◌ֵ" underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew, tzere is mostly pronounced the same as segol and indicates the phoneme /ɛ/, which is the same as the "e" sound in the vowel segol and is transliterated as an "e". There was a distinction in Tiberian Hebrew between segol and Tzere. Name The name comes from Aramaic/ Syriac “a tearing asunder, splitting, tearing, bursting” is probably a loan translation from Arabic kasrah , the name of the short vowel /i/, literally “a breaking, breach”. Usage Tzere is usually written in these cases: * In final stressed closed syllables: (, ''computer''), (, ''he told''; without niqqud ). Also in final syllables closed by guttural letters with an added furtive patach: (, ''coin''), (, ''forgetting''). Notable exceptions to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. The main two categories are Morphological derivation, derivational and inflectional affixes. Derivational affixes, such as ''un-'', ''-ation'', ''anti-'', ''pre-'' etc., introduce a semantic change to the word they are attached to. Inflectional affixes introduce a syntactic change, such as singular into plural (e.g. ''-(e)s''), or present simple grammatical tense, tense into present continuous or past tense by adding ''-ing'', ''-ed'' to an English word. All of them are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes. Affixes, infixes and their variations Changing a word by adding a morpheme at its beginning is called ''prefixation'', in the middle is called ''infixation'', and at the end is called ''suffixation''. ''Prefix'' and ''suffix'' may be subsumed under the term ''adfix'', in contrast to ''infix.'' When marking text for interlinear gl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shva Nah
Shva or, in Biblical Hebrew, shĕwa () is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign written as two vertical dots () beneath a letter. It indicates either the phoneme (shva na', mobile shva) or the complete absence of a vowel (/ Ø/) (shva naḥ, resting shva). It is transliterated as , , , (apostrophe), or nothing. Note that use of for shva is questionable: transliterating Modern Hebrew shva naḥ with is misleading, since it is never actually pronounced – a mid central vowel (IPA ) does not exist in Modern Hebrew. The vowel was pronounced as a full vowel in earlier Hebrew varieties such as Tiberian vocalization, where it was phonetically usually identical to short in Palestinian vocalization appears as short or and in Babylonian vocalization as In early Greek and Latin transliterations of Hebrew such as the Hexapla, it appears as �and respectively. A shva sign in combination with the vowel diacritics patáḥ, segól, and qamatz produces a : a diacritic for a (a 'reduc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hirik Haser
Hiriq, also called Chirik ( ' ) is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by a single dot underneath the letter. In Modern Hebrew, it indicates the phoneme which is similar to the "ee" sound in the English word ''deep'' and is transliterated with "i". In Yiddish, it indicates the phoneme which is the same as the "i" sound in the English word ''skip'' and is transliterated with "i". Spelling When writing with niqqud, the letter '' yud'' is often written after the letter that carries the Hiriq sign. This is called ( ), meaning "full" (or "plene") hiriq. In writing without niqqud, the letter yud is added more often as a mater lectionis, than in writing with niqqud, The main exception is the "i" vowel in a syllable that ends with shva naḥ. For example the words (series) and (she organized) are pronounced identically in modern Hebrew, but in spelling without niqqud is written because there is a shva naḥ on the letter , and is written . In Yiddish orthography t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holam Haser
Holam or cholam (modern , , formerly , ') is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by a dot above the upper left corner of the consonant letter. For example, here the holam appears after the letter '' mem'' : . In modern Hebrew, it indicates the mid back rounded vowel, , and is transliterated as an ''o''. The ''mater lectionis'' letter which is usually employed with holam is vav, although in a few words, the letters ' or ' are used instead of '. When it is used with a ''mater lectionis'', the holam is called ''holam male'' (, , "full holam"), and without it the holam is called ''holam haser'' (, , "deficient holam"). Appearance If a holam is used without a following ''mater lectionis'' (vav, alef or he), as in (, "here"), it is written as a dot above at the upper-left corner of the letter after which it is pronounced. Letter-spacing is not supposed to be affected by it, although some buggy computer fonts may add an unneeded space before the next letter. If vav is used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kubuts
Kubutz or qubbutz (modern ; , formerly , ''qibbūṣ'') and shuruk (, , also known as shuruq) are two Hebrew niqqud vowel signs that represent the sound . In an alternative, Ashkenazi naming, the kubutz (three diagonal dots) is called "shuruk" and shuruk is called "melopum" (). Appearance The kubutz sign is represented by three diagonal dots "◌ֻ" underneath a letter. The shuruk is the letter ''vav'' with a dot in the middle and to the left of it. The dot is identical to the grammatically different signs ''dagesh'' and ''mappiq'', but in a fully vocalized text it is practically impossible to confuse them: ''shuruk'' itself is a vowel sign, so if the letter before the ''vav'' doesn't have its own vowel sign, then the ''vav'' with the dot is a shuruk and otherwise it is a ''vav'' with a ''dagesh'' or a ''mappiq''. Furthermore, the ''mappiq'' only appears at the end of the word and only in the letter '' he'' () in modern Hebrew and in the Bible it sometimes appears in ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Books
A book is a structured presentation of recorded information, primarily verbal and graphical, through a medium. Originally physical, electronic books and audiobooks are now existent. Physical books are objects that contain printed material, mostly of writing and images. Modern books are typically composed of many pages Bookbinding, bound together and protected by a Book cover, cover, what is known as the ''codex'' format; older formats include the scroll and the Clay tablet, tablet. As a conceptual object, a ''book'' often refers to a written work of substantial length by one or more authors, which may also be distributed digitally as an electronic book (ebook). These kinds of works can be broadly Library classification, classified into fiction (containing invented content, often narratives) and non-fiction (containing content intended as factual truth). But a physical book may not contain a written work: for example, it may contain ''only'' drawings, engravings, photographs, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
