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Killer Activation Receptor
Killer Activation Receptors (KARs) are receptors expressed on the plasma membrane (cell membrane) of Natural Killer cells (NK cells). KARs work together with Killer Inhibitory Receptors (abbreviated as KIRs in the text), which inactivate KARs in order to regulate the NK cells functions on hosted or transformed cells. These receptors have a broad binding specificity and are able to broadcast opposite signals. It is the balance between these competing signals that determines if the cytotoxic activity of the NK cell and apoptosis of distressed cell occurs. Killer Inhibitory Receptor vs. Killer-cell Immunglobulin-like Receptors There is sometimes confusion regarding the KIR acronym. The KIR term has been started to be being used parallelly both for the Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and for the Killer Inhibitory Receptors. The Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors involve both activation and inhibitory receptors. Killer-cell inhibitory receptors involve both ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KAR Imagen
Kar or KAR may refer to: * .kar, a file format for karaoke files * Kar, Iran, in Kurdistan Province * ''Kar'' (beetle), a genus of beetles * Car (Greek myth) * ''Kar'' (novel), 2002, by Orhan Pamuk * Kar (political group), a former faction in Afghanistan * Kar (Turkish music), a genre in Ottoman classical music * Kar (suffix), surname suffix in India * Kainic acid receptor, ion channels that respond to neurotransmitters * Karair, a Finnish airline, by ICAO code * Killer activation receptor * King's African Rifles, British regiment, 1902-1960s * Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts, the title of a two-volume German work often abbreviated as KAR * ISO 639-5 code for Karenic languages * Kar Nataka or Karnataka, a state in southern India * Kirby Air Ride, a Nintendo GameCube game from 2003 See also * Kara (other) * Car (other) * Khar (other) Khar may refer to: Places * Khar, Mumbai, a suburb of Mumbai, India * Khar, Punjab, a town in the Pun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motif
An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) is a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors, cell-surface proteins found mainly on immune cells. Its major role is being an integral component for the initiation of a variety of signaling pathway and subsequently the activation of immune cells, although different functions have been described, for example an osteoclast maturation. Structure The motif contains a tyrosine separated from a leucine or isoleucine by any two other amino acids, giving the signature YxxL/I. Two of these signatures are typically separated by between 6 and 8 amino acids in the cytoplasmic tail of the molecule (YxxL/Ix(6-8)YxxL/I). However, in various sources, this consensus sequence differs, mainly in the number of amino acids between individual signatures. Apart from ITAMs which have the structure described above, there is also a variety of proteins c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Signal Transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a biochemical cascade, series of molecular events. Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptor (biology), receptors, although in some cases the term sensor is used. The changes elicited by ligand (biochemistry), ligand binding (or signal sensing) in a receptor give rise to a biochemical cascade, which is a chain of biochemical events known as a Cell signaling#Signaling pathways, signaling pathway. When signaling pathways interact with one another they form networks, which allow cellular responses to be coordinated, often by combinatorial signaling events. At the molecular level, such responses include changes in the transcription (biology), transcription or translation (biology), translation of genes, and post-translational modification, post-translational and conformational changes in proteins, as well as changes in their location. These molecula ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cytoplasmic
The cytoplasm describes all the material within a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, including the organelles and excluding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. The material inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. The main components of the cytoplasm are the cytosol (a gel-like substance), the cell's internal sub-structures, and various cytoplasmic inclusions. In eukaryotes the cytoplasm also includes the nucleus, and other membrane-bound organelles.The cytoplasm is about 80% water and is usually colorless. The submicroscopic ground cell substance, or cytoplasmic matrix, that remains after the exclusion of the cell organelles and particles is groundplasm. It is the hyaloplasm of light microscopy, a highly complex, polyphasic system in which all resolvable cytoplasmic elements are suspended, including the larger organelles such as the ribosomes, mitochondria, plant plastids, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Residue (chemistry)
In chemistry, residue is whatever remains or acts as a contaminant after a given class of events. Residue may be the material remaining after a process of preparation, separation, or purification, such as distillation, evaporation, or filtration. It may also denote the undesired by-products of a chemical reaction. Residues as an undesired by-product are a concern in agricultural and food industries. Food safety Toxic chemical residues, wastes or contamination from other processes, are a concern in food safety. The most common food residues originate from pesticides, veterinary drugs, and industrial chemicals. For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) have guidelines for detecting chemical residues that are possibly dangerous to consume. In the U.S., the FDA is responsible for setting guidelines while other organizations enforce them. Environmental concerns Similar to the food industry, in environmental science ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Positively Charged
Electric charge (symbol ''q'', sometimes ''Q'') is a physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Electric charge can be ''positive'' or ''negative''. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. An object with no net charge is referred to as electrically neutral. Early knowledge of how charged substances interact is now called classical electrodynamics, and is still accurate for problems that do not require consideration of quantum effects. In an isolated system, the total charge stays the same - the amount of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge does not change over time. Electric charge is carried by subatomic particles. In ordinary matter, negative charge is carried by electrons, and positive charge is carried by the protons in the nuclei of atoms. If there are more electrons than protons in a piece of matter, it will have a negative charge, if there are fewer it will have a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ligand
In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule with a functional group that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. The bonding with the metal generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs, often through Lewis acids and bases, Lewis bases. The nature of metal–ligand bonding can range from covalent bond, covalent to ionic bond, ionic. Furthermore, the metal–ligand bond order can range from one to three. Ligands are viewed as Lewis bases, although rare cases are known to involve Lewis acids and bases, Lewis acidic "ligands". Metals and metalloids are bound to ligands in almost all circumstances, although gaseous "naked" metal ions can be generated in a high vacuum. Ligands in a complex dictate the reactivity (chemistry), reactivity of the central atom, including ligand substitution rates, the reactivity of the ligands themselves, and redox. Ligand selection requires critical consideration in many practical are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proteins
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KAR Fosforilation
Kar or KAR may refer to: * .kar, a file format for karaoke files * Kar, Iran, in Kurdistan Province * ''Kar'' (beetle), a genus of beetles * Car (Greek myth) * ''Kar'' (novel), 2002, by Orhan Pamuk * Kar (political group), a former faction in Afghanistan * Kar (Turkish music), a genre in Ottoman classical music * Kar (suffix), surname suffix in India * Kainic acid receptor, ion channels that respond to neurotransmitters * Karair, a Finnish airline, by ICAO code * Killer activation receptor * King's African Rifles, British regiment, 1902-1960s * Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts, the title of a two-volume German work often abbreviated as KAR * ISO 639-5 code for Karenic languages * Kar Nataka or Karnataka, a state in southern India * Kirby Air Ride, a Nintendo GameCube game from 2003 See also * Kara (other) * Car (other) * Khar (other) Khar may refer to: Places * Khar, Mumbai, a suburb of Mumbai, India * Khar, Punjab, a town in the Pun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ageing Research Reviews
''Ageing Research Reviews'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing review articles covering research on ageing, aging-associated diseases, and human life expectancy. The editor-in-chief is Claudio Franceschi (University of Bologna). Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: *BIOSIS *Chemical Abstracts *Current Contents/Life Sciences * Embase *FRANCIS *MEDLINE/PubMed * PASCAL *Scopus According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', its 2022 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... is 13.1. References External links * {{Official website, https://www.journals.elsevier.com/ageing-research-reviews English-language journals Elsevier academic journals Gerontology journals Academic journals established in 2002 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MHC Class I Polypeptide–related Sequence A
MHC class I polypeptide–related sequence A (MICA) is a highly polymorphic cell surface glycoprotein encoded by the ''MICA'' gene located within MHC locus. MICA is related to MHC class I and it has similar domain structure, however, it is not associated with β2-microglobulin nor binds peptides as conventional MHC class I molecules do. MICA rather functions as a stress-induced ligand (as a danger signal) for integral membrane protein receptor NKG2D ("''natural-killer group 2, member D''"). MICA is broadly recognized by NK cells, γδ T cells, and CD8+ αβ T cells which carry NKG2D receptor on their cell surface and which are activated ''via'' this interaction. Structure The MICA gene is highly polymorphic in humans with more than 50 defined alleles. It is located on chromosome 6 and the protein is expressed in two isoforms formed by alternative splicing: MICA1 and MICA2 which is lacking exon 3. MICA contains external α1α2α3 domain, transmembrane segment and C-terminal cytop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
