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Karmitoxin
Karmitoxin is an amine-containing polyhydroxy-polyene toxin isolated from ''Karlodinium armiger'' strain K-0668. It is structurally related to amphidinols, luteophanols Luteophanol is a type of organic compound. There are variants labeled luteophanol A through luteophanol D. They contain the following common fragments with amphidinols: # Polyhydroxyl groups. # Two tetrahydropyran rings. Luteophanols have demo ..., lingshuiols, carteraols, and karlotoxins. See also * Prymnesin-1 * Prymnesin-2 References Phycotoxins Polyether toxins Primary alcohols Secondary alcohols Amines Heterocyclic compounds with 1 ring Oxygen heterocycles {{Amine-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phycotoxins
Phycotoxins (from Greek, ''phykos'', "seaweed"; and ''toxikon'', "toxin") are complex allelopathic chemicals produced by eukaryotic and prokaryotic algal secondary metabolic pathways. More simply, these are toxic chemicals synthesized by photosynthetic organisms. These metabolites are (in most cases) not harmful to the producer but may be toxic to either one or many members of the marine food web. This page focuses on phycotoxins produced by marine microalgae; however, freshwater algae and macroalgae are known phycotoxin producers and may exhibit analogous ecological dynamics. In the pelagic marine food web, phytoplankton are subjected to grazing by macro- and micro-zooplankton as well as competition for nutrients with other phytoplankton species. Marine bacteria try to obtain a share of organic carbon by maintaining symbiotic, parasitic, commensal, or predatory interactions with phytoplankton. Other bacteria will degrade dead phytoplankton or consume organic carbon released by vi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karlodinium Armiger
''Karlodinium armiger'' is a species of dinoflagellates belonging to the family Kareniaceae Kareniaceae is a family of dinoflagellates belonging to the order Gymnodiniales The Gymnodiniales are an order of dinoflagellates, of the class Dinophyceae. Members of the order are known as gymnodinioid or gymnodinoid (terms that can also re .... It was first isolated from the Mediterranean sea & described in 2006. It is a producer of karmitoxin, a toxin structurally related to amphidinols and karlotoxins; however karmitoxin also contains the longest carbon−carbon backbone known for this compound class, and an unusual primary amino group. It has a spherical shape with a diameter of about 15 µm. Under optimal conditions with supplemented NH4+, it has a division rate of ~0.3 times per day. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q68462532 Gymnodiniales ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luteophanols
Luteophanol is a type of organic compound. There are variants labeled luteophanol A through luteophanol D. They contain the following common fragments with amphidinols: # Polyhydroxyl groups. # Two tetrahydropyran rings. Luteophanols have demonstrated antibacterial properties, but unlike amphidinols, they do not show antifungal An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as crypto ... activity. :{{clear External links Y. Doi et al., "Luteophanol A, a New Polyhydroxyl Compound from Symbiotic Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp." Journal of Organic Chemistry (1997) (abstract)Abstract of article on Luteophanol D Ethers Alkene derivatives Tetrahydropyrans Polyols ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prymnesin-1
Prymnesin-1 is a chemical with the molecular formula . It is a member of the prymnesins, a class of hemolytic phycotoxins made by the alga ''Prymnesium parvum''. It is known to be toxic to fish, causing mass fish deaths around the world, including in Texas and England, or in 2022 in the border region of Germany and Poland (Oder). Structures Prymnesin-1 is formed of a large polyether polycyclic core with several conjugate double and triple bonds, chlorine and nitrogen heteroatoms and O-linked sugar moieties including α-D-ribofuranose, α-L-arabinopyranose, and β-D-galactofuranose, unlike the single linked α-L-xylofuranose of prymnesin-2. There are three forms of prymnesin known, prymnesin 1 and 2, differing in their glycosylation, and prymnesin B1 differing in backbone. See also * Prymnesin-2 * Prymnesin-B1 Prymnesin-B1 is a chemical with the molecular formula . It is a member of the prymnesins, a class of ladder-frame polyether phycotoxins made by the alga ''Prymnesium ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prymnesin-2
Prymnesin-2 is an organic compound that is secreted by the haptophyte ''Prymnesium parvum''. It belongs to the prymnesin family and has potent hemolytic and ichthyotoxic properties. In a purified form it appears as a pale yellow solid. ''P. parvum'' is responsible for red harmful algal blooms worldwide, causing massive fish killings. When these algal blooms occur, this compound poses a threat to the local fishing industry. This is especially true for brackish water, as the compound can reach critical concentrations more easily. Structure and reactivity The structural formula of prymnesin-2 is: C96H136Cl3NO35. The compound exhibits multiple chiral centers. The molecule is amphoteric, which means that it can act both as base and an acid. This is because all 16 hydroxyls, except for one at C32, are concentrated on carbons C48-84, and there α-L-xylofuranose moiety at C77. This might lead to interaction with biomembranes, which is thought to be the basis of its toxicity. The diff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyether Toxins
In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. They have the general formula , where R and R′ represent the alkyl or aryl groups. Ethers can again be classified into two varieties: if the alkyl or aryl groups are the same on both sides of the oxygen atom, then it is a simple or symmetrical ether, whereas if they are different, the ethers are called mixed or unsymmetrical ethers. A typical example of the first group is the solvent and anaesthetic diethyl ether, commonly referred to simply as "ether" (). Ethers are common in organic chemistry and even more prevalent in biochemistry, as they are common linkages in carbohydrates and lignin. Structure and bonding Ethers feature bent C–O–C linkages. In dimethyl ether, the bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 pm. The barrier to rotation about the C–O bonds is low. The bonding of oxygen in ethers, alcohols, and water i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primary Alcohols
A primary alcohol is an alcohol in which the hydroxy group is bonded to a primary carbon atom. It can also be defined as a molecule containing a “–CH2OH” group. In contrast, a secondary alcohol has a formula “–CHROH” and a tertiary alcohol has a formula “–CR2OH”, where “R” indicates a carbon-containing group. Examples of primary alcohols include ethanol and 1-butanol. Methanol is also generally regarded as a primary alcohol, including the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica,. See also * Alcohol (especially Nomenclature section for discussion on Secondary and Tertiary alcohols.) * Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids The oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids is an important oxidation Redox (reduction–oxidation, , ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of substrate change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an ... References {{organic-chem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secondary Alcohols
In chemistry, an alcohol is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl () functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. The term ''alcohol'' originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is used as a drug and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic drinks. An important class of alcohols, of which methanol and ethanol are the simplest examples, includes all compounds which conform to the general formula . Simple monoalcohols that are the subject of this article include primary (), secondary () and tertiary () alcohols. The suffix ''-ol'' appears in the IUPAC chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the highest priority. When a higher priority group is present in the compound, the prefix ''hydroxy-'' is used in its IUPAC name. The suffix ''-ol'' in non-IUPAC names (such as paracetamol or cholesterol) also typically indicates that the substance is an alcohol. However, some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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