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Isometheptene
Isometheptene (usually as isometheptene mucate) is a sympathomimetic amine sometimes used in the treatment of migraines and tension headaches due to its vasoconstricting properties; that is, it causes constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels (arteries and veins). Along with paracetamol and dichloralphenazone, it is one of the constituents of Amidrine. Chemistry Isometheptene is a monounsaturated aliphatic secondary amine. Mechanism of action Isometheptene's vasoconstricting properties arise through activation of the sympathetic nervous system via epinephrine and norepinephrine. These compounds elicit smooth muscle activation leading to vasoconstriction by interacting with cell surface adrenergic receptors. See also * 1,3-Dimethylbutylamine * 1,4-Dimethylamylamine * Heptaminol * Iproheptine * Methylhexanamine * Octodrine * Oenethyl * Tuaminoheptane Tuaminoheptane (, ; brand names Heptin, Heptadrine, Tuamine; also known as tuamine and 2-aminoheptane) is a sympat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methylhexanamine
Methylhexanamine (also known as methylhexamine, 1,3-dimethylamylamine, 1,3-DMAA, dimethylamylamine, and DMAA; trade names Forthane and Geranamine) is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1948 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in the 1980s. Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums, but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths have been associated with methylhexanamine-containing supplements. It is banned by many sports authorities and governmental agencies. Despite multiple warning letters from the FDA, as of 2019, the stimulant remains available in sports and weight loss supplements in the US. History In April 1944, Eli Lilly and Company introduced methylhexanamine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iproheptine
Iproheptine, also known as ''N''-isopropyl-1,5-dimethylhexylamine or ''N''-isopropyloctodrine and sold under the brand names Metron and Susat, is a nasal decongestant which has been marketed in Japan. It is described as a vasoconstrictor and antihistamine. The drug is available over-the-counter in Japan. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Iproheptine is described as a decongestant, vasoconstrictor, and antihistamine. Its pharmacology was characterized in a series of several preclinical studies published in the 1960s. The drug was found to have anticholinergic- and antihistamine-like effects that were described as more potent than those of ephedrine. It was said to have hypotensive and cardiac inhibitive actions that made it differ from other known alkylamine and arylalkylamine sympathomimetics. The effects of iproheptine on blood vessels, pupils, and saliva secretion were all said to be very weak. It produced bronchodilation, vasoconstriction, and hemostasis similarly to ephedr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dichloralphenazone
Dichloralphenazone is a 1:2 mixture of antipyrine with chloral hydrate. In combination with paracetamol and isometheptene, it is the active ingredient of medications for migraine and tension headaches, including Epidrin and Midrin. Performance impairments are common with this drug and caution is advised, for example when driving motor vehicles. Additional uses of dichloralphenazone include sedation for the treatment of short-term insomnia Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have difficulty sleeping. They may have difficulty falling asleep, or staying asleep for as long as desired. Insomnia is typically followed by daytime sleepiness, low ene ..., although there are probably better drug choices for the treatment of insomnia. See also * Chloral betaine References External links * Analgesics Hypnotics Sedatives Combination drugs GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators {{sedative-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amidrine
Amidrine, Midrin, Nodolor, Duradrin, IDA, Migquin, Migrin-A, Migrazone or Epidrine is a combination drug consisting of paracetamol, dichloralphenazone and isometheptene used to treat migraines and severe, refractory headaches. Components * Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a common over-the-counter pain reliever and fever reducer. * Dichloralphenazone is a prodrug of two pharmacologically distinct agents: the sedative agent, chloral hydrate, as well as antipyrine, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that works to decrease inflammation. * Isometheptene is a sympathomimetic drug that works by inducing vasoconstriction, causing constriction of cerebral blood vessels and reducing migraine symptoms. Availability Midrin was discontinued by Caraco Pharmaceuticals as of 2009, after an FDA seizure of 33 drugs manufactured by Caraco Pharmaceuticals due to cGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practices) violations. Generic forms of Amidrine were also discontinued due to loss of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mucic Acid
Mucic acid, C6H10O8 or HOOC-(CHOH)4-COOH (galactaric acid or meso-galactaric acid) is an aldaric acid obtained by nitric acid oxidation of galactose or galactose-containing compounds such as lactose, dulcite, quercite, and most varieties of gum. Properties Mucic acid forms a crystalline powder, which melts at 210–230 °C. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water. Due to the symmetry in the molecule, it is optically inactive even though it has chiral carbon atoms (i.e., it is a meso compound). Reactions When heated with pyridine to 140 °C, it is converted into allomucic acid. When digested with fuming hydrochloric acid for some time it is converted into αα′ furfural dicarboxylic acid while on heating with barium sulfide it is transformed into α-thiophene carboxylic acid. The ammonium salt yields on dry distillation carbon dioxide, ammonia, pyrrol and other substances. The acid when fused with caustic alkalis yields oxalic acid. With ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic compound, organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and human body, body as a hormone, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. The name "noradrenaline" (from Latin '':wikt:ad-, ad'', "near", and '':wikt:ren, ren'', "kidney") is more commonly used in the United Kingdom and the rest of the world, whereas "norepinephrine" (from Ancient Greek :wikt:ἐπί, ἐπῐ́ (''epí''), "upon", and :wikt:νεφρός, νεφρός (''nephrós''), "kidney") is usually preferred in the United States. "Norepinephrine" is also the international nonproprietary name given to norepinephrine (drug), the drug. Regardless of which name is used for the substance itself, parts of the body that produce or are affected by it are referred to as noradrenergic. The general function of norepinephrine is to mobilize the brain and body for action. Norepinephrine release is lowest during sleep, rise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkene Derivatives
In organic chemistry, an alkene, or olefin, is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double bond. The double bond may be internal or at the terminal position. Terminal alkenes are also known as α-olefins. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends using the name "alkene" only for acyclic hydrocarbons with just one double bond; alkadiene, alkatriene, etc., or polyene for acyclic hydrocarbons with two or more double bonds; cycloalkene, cycloalkadiene, etc. for cyclic ones; and "olefin" for the general class – cyclic or acyclic, with one or more double bonds. Acyclic alkenes, with only one double bond and no other functional groups (also known as mono-enes) form a homologous series of hydrocarbons with the general formula with ''n'' being a >1 natural number (which is two hydrogens less than the corresponding alkane). When ''n'' is four or more, isomers are possible, distinguished by the position and conformation of the double bond. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuaminoheptane
Tuaminoheptane (, ; brand names Heptin, Heptadrine, Tuamine; also known as tuamine and 2-aminoheptane) is a sympathomimetic agent and vasoconstrictor which was formerly used as a nasal decongestant. It is still used in France as a nasal decongestant but its use is not recommended by the health authorities due to the lack of evidence of its effectiveness. It has also been used as a stimulant. Tuaminoheptane has been found to act as a reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent of norepinephrine, which may underlie its decongestant and stimulant effects. It is an alkylamine. The chemical structure of the drug differs from that of other norepinephrine releasing agents, such as the phenethylamines, which, in contrast to tuaminoheptane, have an aromatic ring in their structure. Tuaminoheptane is also a skin irritant and can cause contact dermatitis via inhibition of volume-regulated anion channels, which limits its usefulness as a decongestant. Tuaminoheptane is on the 2011 list ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oenethyl
Oenethyl, also known as 2-methylaminoheptane and sold under the brand names Pacamine and Neosupranol, is a sympathomimetic and vasopressor medication of the alkylamine which is no longer marketed. It was used as a nasal decongestant and to control blood pressure during anesthesia. It is closely structurally related to other alkylamines, for instance methylhexanamine and tuaminoheptane, among others. These compounds are known to act as structurally simple monoamine releasing agents and to produce psychostimulant-like effects. See also * 1,3-Dimethylbutylamine * 1,4-Dimethylamylamine * Heptaminol * Iproheptine * Isometheptene * Methylhexanamine * Octodrine * Tuaminoheptane Tuaminoheptane (, ; brand names Heptin, Heptadrine, Tuamine; also known as tuamine and 2-aminoheptane) is a sympathomimetic agent and vasoconstrictor which was formerly used as a nasal decongestant. It is still used in France as a nasal decong ... References Abandoned drugs Alkylamines Antihypo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Octodrine
Octodrine, also known as dimethylhexylamine (DMHA) and sold under the brand name Vaporpac among others, is a sympathomimetic and stimulant medication that was formerly used in the treatment of hypotension (low blood pressure). It has been studied in a dozen animal studies from the 1940s through the 1970s. These studies found that octodrine can increase blood pressure and cardiac output in animals. The drug was previously approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an inhalant (i.e., ''Vaporpac'' and ''Tickle Tackle Inhaler'') and in Germany as an oral medication as part of a multi-component medication (i.e., ''Ambredin'' and ''Ordinal''), but is no longer available. DMHA has also been found as an adulterant in sports supplements and is sold online as a designer drug. The presence of a reductive amination byproduct confirms its synthetic origin. In the United States, the FDA considers DMHA to be an unsafe ingredient in dietary supplements. In 2019, the FDA i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heptaminol
Heptaminol is an amino alcohol which is classified as a cardiac stimulant (positive inotropic action). It also increases coronary blood flow along with mild peripheral vasoconstriction. It is sometimes used in the treatment of low blood pressure, particularly orthostatic hypotension as it is a potent positive inotrope (improving cardiac contraction). Use in doping Heptaminol is classified by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a doping substance. In 2008, the cyclist Dmitriy Fofonov tested positive for heptaminol at the Tour de France. In June 2010, the swimmer Frédérick Bousquet tested positive. In 2013, the cyclist Sylvain Georges tested positive at the Giro d'Italia. In 2014, baseball player Joel Piniero tested positive as well as St. Louis Cardinals minor league baseball player Yeison Medina. On March 22, 2019, Cycling South Africa reported that Ricardo Broxham has been sanctioned for an anti-doping rule violation of Articles 2.1 and 2.2 of the UCI Anti-Doping Rules after a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1,4-Dimethylamylamine
1,4-Dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA), also known as 1,4-dimethylpentylamine or as 5-methylhexan-2-amine, is a stimulant drug of the alkylamine family related to methylhexanamine (1,3-DMAA; geranamine). It is naturally present in geranium plants and has also been found in certain other plants. 1,4-DMAA has been identified in dietary supplements. It produces sympathomimetic effects in animals and humans. 1,4-DMAA and other alkylamine stimulants may act as catecholamine releasing agents. Unlike octodrine and methylhexanamine, 1,4-DMAA has never been used as a pharmaceutical drug Medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal product, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy ( pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the .... References Abandoned drugs Alkylamines Bodybuilding supplements Monoamine releasing agents Sympathomimetics Stimulants {{Psychoactive-stu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
