|
Ion Gun
An Ion Gun typically is an instrument that generates a beam of heavy ions with a well defined energy distribution. The ion beam is produced from a plasma that has been confined within a volume. Ions of a particular energy are extracted, accelerated, collimated and/or focused. The ion gun is composed of an ion source, extraction grid structure and a collimation/lensing structure. The plasma can be made up of an inert or reactive gas (e.g. N+ and O+) or an easily condensable substance (e.g. C+ and B+). The plasma can be formed from molecules that contain the substance which will form the beam, in which case, these molecules must be fragmented then ionized (e.g. H and CH4 can together be fragmented and ionized to create a beam for depositing diamond-like carbon films). The ion current density (or similarly the ion flux), the ion energy spread, and the Optical resolution, resolution of the ion beam are key factors in ion gun design. The ion current density is controlled by the ion sour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronal Ionizer Gun , a structure on the surface of the Sun
{{disambig ...
Coronal may refer to: * a nuptial crown * anything relating to a corona * Coronal plane, an anatomical term of location * The coronal direction on a tooth * Coronal consonant, a consonant that is articulated with the front part of the tongue * Coronal stop, a type of stop consonant * Coronal loop In solar physics, a coronal loop is a well-defined arch-like structure in the Sun's Stellar atmosphere, atmosphere made up of relatively dense Plasma (physics), plasma confined and isolated from the surrounding medium by magnetic flux tubes. Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ion Ray Gun
An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electrons is unequal to its total number of protons. A cation is a positively charged ion with fewer electrons than protons (e.g. K+ (potassium ion)) while an anion is a negatively charged ion with more electrons than protons (e.g. Cl− (chloride ion) and OH− (hydroxide ion)). Opposite electric charges are pulled towards one another by electrostatic force, so cations and anions attract each other and readily form ionic compounds. Ions consisting of only a single atom are termed ''monatomic ions'', ''atomic ions'' or ''simple ions'', while ions consisting of two or more atoms are termed polyatomic ions or ''molecular ions''. If only a + or − is present, it indicates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Particle Accelerator
A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel electric charge, charged particles to very high speeds and energies to contain them in well-defined particle beam, beams. Small accelerators are used for fundamental research in particle physics. Accelerators are also used as synchrotron light sources for the study of condensed matter physics. Smaller particle accelerators are used in a wide variety of applications, including particle therapy for oncology, oncological purposes, Isotopes in medicine, radioisotope production for medical diagnostics, Ion implantation, ion implanters for the manufacturing of Semiconductor, semiconductors, and Accelerator mass spectrometry, accelerator mass spectrometers for measurements of rare isotopes such as radiocarbon. Large accelerators include the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York, and the largest accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, Switzerland, operated b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capillaritron
A capillaritron is a device for creating ion and atom rays. Mechanism The capillaritron, the basic concept of which was published in 1981, consists of a fine metal capillary through which gas flows as an anode and a concentric extraction cathode with an outlet opening. A flow of gas through the capillary is extracted when high voltage (usually a few kilovolts) is ionised by free electrons and secondary electrons, which are accelerated towards the anode (see also impact ionisation). The positively charged ions are accelerated in the electric field and form an ion beam behind the opening of the extraction cathode. Due to recombination and charge exchange processes in the plasma, the beam also partly consists of uncharged atoms. The capillary usually consists of resistant materials, such as tungsten. A further development from 1992 is the quartz capillaritron. Here the capillary consists of quartz, an electrically insulating material, into which a metal wire is inserted i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duoplasmatron
The Duoplasmatron is an ion source in which a cathode filament emits electrons into a vacuum chamber. A gas such as argon is introduced in very small quantities into the chamber, where it becomes charged or ionized through interactions with the free electrons from the cathode, forming a plasma. The plasma is then accelerated through a series of at least two highly charged grids, and becomes an ion beam, moving at a fairly high speed from the aperture of the device. History The duoplasmatron was first developed in 1956 by Manfred von Ardenne to provide a powerful source of gas ions. Other contributors such as Demirkanov, Frohlich and Kistemaker continued development between 1959 and 1965. Throughout the 1960s, many continued to investigate, discovering negative ion extraction and multiply charged ion production. There are two types of plasmatrons, the uniplasmatron and the duoplasmatron. The prefix refers to the constriction of discharge. Operation The standard duoplasmatron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electron Gun
file:Egun.jpg, Electron gun from a cathode-ray tube file:Vidicon Electron Gun.jpg, The electron gun from an RCA Vidicon video camera tube An electron gun (also called electron emitter) is an electrical component in some vacuum tubes that produces a narrow, collimation, collimated electron beam that has a precise kinetic energy. The largest use is in cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), used in older television sets, computer displays and oscilloscopes, before the advent of flat-panel displays. Electron guns are also used in field-emission display, field-emission displays (FEDs), which are essentially flat-panel displays made out of rows of extremely small cathode-ray tubes. They are also used in microwave linear beam vacuum tubes such as klystrons, inductive output tubes, travelling-wave tubes, and gyrotrons, as well as in scientific instruments such as electron microscopes and particle accelerators. Electron guns may be classified by the type of electric field generation (DC or RF), by e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soft X-ray Ionizer
Soft may refer to: * Softness, or hardness, a property of physical materials Arts and entertainment * ''Soft!'', a novel by Rupert Thomson, 1988 * Soft (band), an American music group * ''Soft'' (album), by Dan Bodan, 2014 * ''Softs'' (album), by Soft Machine, 1976 * "Soft", a song by Flo from ''Access All Areas'', 2024, or the remixed version, with Chlöe and Halle, 2024 * "Soft", a song by Kings of Leon from ''Aha Shake Heartbreak'', 2004 * "Soft"/"Rock", a song by Lemon Jelly, 2001 Other uses * Sorgenti di Firenze Trekking (SOFT), a system of walking trails in Italy * Soft matter, a subfield of condensed matter * Magnetically soft, material with low coercivity * soft water, which has low mineral content * Soft skills, a person's people, social, and other skills * Soft commodities, or softs *A flaccid penis, the opposite of "hard" See also * * * Softener (other) Softener may refer to: * Fabric softener, a conditioner that is typically applied to laundry durin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Faraday Cup
A Faraday cup is a metal (conductive) cup designed to catch charged particles. The resulting current can be measured and used to determine the number of ions or electrons hitting the cup. The Faraday cup was named after Michael Faraday who first theorized ions around 1830. Examples of devices which use Faraday cups include space probes (Voyager 1, & 2, Parker Solar Probe, etc.) and mass spectrometers. Faraday cups can also be used to measure charged aerosol particles. Principle of operation When a beam or packet of ions or electrons (e.g. from an electron beam) hits the metallic body of the cup, the apparatus gains a small net charge. The cup can then be discharged to measure a small current proportional to the charge carried by the impinging ions or electrons. By measuring the electric current (the number of electrons flowing through the circuit per second) in the cup, the number of charges can be determined. For a continuous beam of ions (assumed to be singly charged) or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heavy Ions
Heavy may refer to: Measures * Heavy, a characterization of objects with substantial weight * Heavy, a wake turbulence category used by pilots and air traffic controllers to refer to aircraft with a maximum takeoff mass of 136,000 kgs or more * Heavy, a type of strength of Scottish beer Arts, entertainment, and media Music Groups * The Heavy (band), a rock band from England Albums * ''Heavy'' (Heavy D album), 1999 * ''Heavy'' (Iron Butterfly album), a 1968 album by Iron Butterfly * ''Heavy'' (Bin-Jip album), the second studio album by Bin-Jip * ''Heavy'' (Sir album), 2024 Songs * "Heavy" (Collective Soul song), 1999 * "Heavy" (Lauri Ylönen song), 2011 * "Heavy" (Linkin Park song), 2017 * "Heavy" (Anne-Marie song), 2017 * "Heavy", by Cxloe, 2020 * "Heavy", by Flight Facilities featuring Your Smith, 2021 * "Heavy", by Peach PRC, 2021 * "Heavy", by Shawn Mendes from ''Shawn'', 2024 * "Heavy", by Theory of a Deadman from '' Savages'', 2014 * "Heavy", from the 1981 m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nanocoulombmeter
A Coulomb meter is a tool for measuring the electrostatic charge of a material. A Coulombmeter is used in combination with a Faraday cup or a metal probe for taking charge measurements of a material. A Nanocoulombmeter is a Coulombmeter that is capable of measuring electrostatic charge down to the accuracy of a fraction of a nanocoulomb (nC). The electrostatic charge of an object can be measured by placing it inside a Faraday Cup. The charge is transferred to the cup and displayed on the meter's display. The Faraday Cup of the Coulombmeter has an outer, grounded metal shield that surrounds an inner electrode. The inner electrode, which is electrically isolated from the shield, is connected to a meter to measure the charge. In the field of semiconductor design, a coulombmeter consists of a meter used in combination with a metal probe tip to pinpoint locations of excess charge on, for instance, a semiconductor device. This application of a coulombmeter is useful because e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surface Science
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid– gas interfaces, solid– vacuum interfaces, and liquid– gas interfaces. It includes the fields of ''surface chemistry'' and '' surface physics''. Some related practical applications are classed as surface engineering. The science encompasses concepts such as heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductor device fabrication, fuel cells, self-assembled monolayers, and adhesives. Surface science is closely related to interface and colloid science. Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both. The methods are different. In addition, interface and colloid science studies macroscopic phenomena that occur in heterogeneous systems due to peculiarities of interfaces. History The field of surface chemistry started with heterogeneous catalysis pioneered by Paul Sabatier on hydrogenation and Fritz Haber on the Haber ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
