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Hyperpolarization (physics)
Hyperpolarization is the spin polarization of the atomic nuclei of a material in a magnetic field far beyond thermal equilibrium conditions determined by the Boltzmann distribution. It can be applied to gases such as and , and small molecules where the polarization levels can be enhanced by a factor of 104–105 above thermal equilibrium levels. Hyperpolarized noble gases are typically used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lungs. Hyperpolarized small molecules are typically used for ''in vivo'' metabolic imaging. For example, a hyperpolarized metabolite can be injected into animals or patients and the metabolic conversion can be tracked in real-time. Other applications include determining the function of the neutron spin-structures by scattering polarized electrons from a very polarized target (3He), surface interaction studies, and neutron polarizing experiments. Spin-exchange optical pumping Introduction Spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) is one of several hype ...
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Spin Polarization
In particle physics, spin polarization is the degree to which the spin, i.e., the intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles, is aligned with a given direction. This property may pertain to the spin, hence to the magnetic moment, of conduction electrons in ferromagnetic metals, such as iron, giving rise to spin-polarized currents. It may refer to (static) spin waves, preferential correlation of spin orientation with ordered lattices (semiconductors or insulators). It may also pertain to beams of particles, produced for particular aims, such as polarized neutron scattering or muon spin spectroscopy. Spin polarization of electrons or of nuclei, often called simply magnetization, is also produced by the application of a magnetic field. Curie law is used to produce an induction signal in electron spin resonance (ESR or EPR) and in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Spin polarization is also important for spintronics, a branch of electronics. Magnetic semiconducto ...
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Marie-Anne Bouchiat
Marie-Anne Bouchiat-Guiochon (born 1934) is a French experimental atomic physicist whose research has included studies of neutral currents, parity violation, and hyperpolarization. She is an honorary director of research for the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). Education and career Bouchiat was a student at the École normale supérieure de jeunes filles from 1953 to 1957, and a visiting researcher at Princeton University from 1957 to 1959. She completed a doctorate in 1964; her dissertation was ''Étude par pompage optique de la relaxation d'atomes de rubidium''. She worked as a researcher for CNRS from 1972, associated with the Kastler–Brossel Laboratory, until her retirement in 2005. Personal life Bouchiat married physicist Claude Bouchiat. Their daughter Hélène Bouchiat is a physicist. They have a son, Vincent Bouchiat who is a physicist. Recognition Bouchiat was elected as a corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1986, and a ...
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Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra. In narrower contexts, spectroscopy is the precise study of color as generalized from visible light to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectroscopy, primarily in the electromagnetic spectrum, is a fundamental exploratory tool in the fields of astronomy, chemistry, materials science, and physics, allowing the composition, physical structure and electronic structure of matter to be investigated at the atomic, molecular and macro scale, and over astronomical distances. Historically, spectroscopy originated as the study of the wavelength dependence of the absorption by gas phase matter of visible light dispersed by a prism. Current applications of spectroscopy include biomedical spectroscopy in the areas of tissue analysis and medical imaging. Matter waves and acoustic waves can also be considered forms of radiative energy, and recently gravitational waves have been associa ...
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are disturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus. This process occurs near resonance, when the oscillation frequency matches the intrinsic frequency of the nuclei, which depends on the strength of the static magnetic field, the chemical environment, and the magnetic properties of the isotope involved; in practical applications with static magnetic fields up to ca. 20  tesla, the frequency is similar to VHF and UHF television broadcasts (60–1000 MHz). NMR results from specific magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is widely used to determine the structure of organic molecules in solution and study molecular physics and crystals as well as non-crysta ...
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Experimental Setup
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. There also exist natural experimental studies. A child may carry out basic experiments to understand how things fall to the ground, while teams of scientists may take years of systematic investigation to advance their understanding of a phenomenon. Experiments and other types of hands-on activities are very important to student learning in the science classroom. Experiments can raise test scores and help a student become more engaged and interested in the material they are learning, especially when used over time. Experiments can vary from personal and informal natural comparisons (e ...
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Gen 3 Cells
Gen is most commonly seen as a contraction (such as Gen.) and it may refer to: * Book of Genesis * General officer * Generation#Western world as in GenX, GenZ, etc. * Genitive case Gen may also refer to: * ''Gen'' (film), 2006 Turkish horror film directed by Togan Gökbakar * ''Gen_'', a documentary 2025 film * Gen (Street Fighter), a video game character from the ''Street Fighter'' series * Gen Fu, a video game character from the ''Dead or Alive'' series * Gen language, a language of Togo * Gen-san, a character in the anime series ''Sky Girls'' *, a character in the anime and manga series ''Dr. Stone'' *, Japanese Nordic combined skier *, Japanese singer-songwriter, musician, actor, and writer *Gen Kitchen, British politician *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese novelist, visual novel writer and anime screenwriter *, Japanese engineer and businessman *, Japanese politician *, Japanese ballet dancer and choreographer * Gen Digital, a computer security software company in Unite ...
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Buffer Gas
Buffer may refer to: Science * Buffer gas, an inert or nonflammable gas * Buffer solution, a solution used to prevent changes in pH * Lysis buffer, in cell biology * Metal ion buffer * Mineral redox buffer, in geology Technology and engineering * Buffer (GIS), a zone around a map feature * Buffer (optical fiber), a component of a fiber optic cable * Buffer (rail transport), a device that cushions impacts between vehicles * Buffer amplifier, an isolating circuit used in electronics or telecommunications * Buffer stop, a device that keeps rail vehicles on tracks * Buffer wheel, a device used to smooth a workpiece's surface * Digital buffer, an electronic circuit used to isolate the input from the output * Floor buffer, an appliance used to polish hard floors * Optical buffer, a device that stores optically transmitted data * Recoil buffer, a firearm component * Seismic buffers, protect structures against the effects of earthquakes Computing * Buffer (application), a software applic ...
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Polarization Transfer
Polarization or polarisation may refer to: Mathematics *Polarization of an Abelian variety, in the mathematics of complex manifolds *Polarization of an algebraic form, a technique for expressing a homogeneous polynomial in a simpler fashion by adjoining more variables *Polarization identity, expresses an inner product in terms of its associated norm * Polarization (Lie algebra) Physical sciences *Polarization (physics), the ability of waves to oscillate in more than one direction; polarization of light allows the glare-reducing effect of polarized sunglasses **Polarization (antenna), the state of polarization (in the above sense) of electromagnetic waves transmitted by or received by a radio antenna *Dielectric polarization, charge separation in insulating materials: **Polarization density, volume dielectric polarization ** Dipolar polarization, orientation of permanent dipoles ** Ionic polarization, displacement of ions in a crystal **Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization, s ...
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