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Hyperodapedontine
Hyperodapedontinae is a subfamily of rhynchosaurs within the family Hyperodapedontidae. Fossils have been found from Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India, Madagascar, Scotland, Tanzania, United States and Zimbabwe. Phylogeny Hyperodapedontinae was erected by Sankar Chatterjee in 1969 as a coordinate name of the family Hyperodapedontidae Lydekker, 1985. Chatterjee (1969) originally named Hyperodapedontinae to include all Late Triassic rhynchosaurs known at that time, ''H. gordoni'', ''H. huxleyi'' and ''"Scaphonyx" fischeri'', and proposed a morphological diagnosis for the clade. ''Scaphonyx'' includes two additional species, ''S. africanus'' and ''S. australis'', all of which are currently believed to be dubious. As noted by Langer ''et al.'' (2000), using Chatterjee' morphological definition would exclude ''Teyumbaita'' and ''H. huenei'' from the clade, and thus it would be nested within ''Hyperodapedon''. To preserve the name, with its original stratigraphical meaning, Langer ''et ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teyumbaita
''Teyumbaita'' is an extinct genus of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Its fossils were recovered from the early Norian-age Caturrita Formation, one of several fossiliferous formations exposed at Paleorrota Geopark in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. ''Teyumbaita'' is likely the youngest valid genus of rhynchosaur, as other members of the group likely died out before the start of the Norian. Fossils of ''Teyumbaita'' include two nearly complete skulls and a partial skull, all of which were discovered in the lower part of the Caturrita Formation. The fossils were first named as ''Scaphonyx sulcognathus'', a species of ''Scaphonyx''. The genus ''Scaphonyx'' is now considered to be a ''nomen dubium'', so ''S. sulcognathus'' was reassigned to its own genus by Felipe Chinaglia Montefeltro, Max Cardoso Langer and Cesar Leandro Schultz in 2010. This new genus name, ''Teyumbaita'', was constructed from "lizard (''teyú'') and parrot ''(mbaitá'') ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teyumbaita Sulcognathus
''Teyumbaita'' is an extinct genus of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Its fossils were recovered from the early Norian-age Caturrita Formation, one of several fossiliferous formations exposed at Paleorrota Geopark in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. ''Teyumbaita'' is likely the youngest valid genus of rhynchosaur, as other members of the group likely died out before the start of the Norian. Fossils of ''Teyumbaita'' include two nearly complete skulls and a partial skull, all of which were discovered in the lower part of the Caturrita Formation. The fossils were first named as ''Scaphonyx sulcognathus'', a species of ''Scaphonyx''. The genus ''Scaphonyx'' is now considered to be a ''nomen dubium'', so ''S. sulcognathus'' was reassigned to its own genus by Felipe Chinaglia Montefeltro, Max Cardoso Langer and Cesar Leandro Schultz in 2010. This new genus name, ''Teyumbaita'', was constructed from "lizard (''teyú'') and parrot ''(mbaitá'')" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isalorhynchus Genovefae
''Isalorhynchus'' is an extinct genus of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur from the late Triassic period (Carnian stage) of Toliara Province, southwestern Madagascar. It is known from the holotype MDE-R18, a nearly complete maxilla and from other specimens from the same locality, Malio River area. It was found in the Makay Formation (or Isalo II) of the Morondava Basin (or Isalo beds). It was first named by Eric Buffetaut in 1983 and the type species is ''Isalorhynchus genovefae''. The majority of ''Isalorhynchus'' specimens are isolated jaw bones, but two nearly complete skeletons were found in 1998. Langer ''et al.'', 2000 concluded that ''Isalorhynchus'' is a synonym of ''Hyperodapedon ''Hyperodapedon'' is a genus of rhynchosaurs (beaked, archosaur-like reptiles) from the Triassic, Late Triassic period (Carnian stage). Fossils of the genus have been found in Africa, Asia, Europe and North and South America. Its first discovery ...'' and referred it to a new species of ''Hyperod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isalorhynchus
''Isalorhynchus'' is an extinct genus of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur from the late Triassic period (Carnian stage) of Toliara Province, southwestern Madagascar. It is known from the holotype MDE-R18, a nearly complete maxilla and from other specimens from the same locality, Malio River area. It was found in the Makay Formation (or Isalo II) of the Morondava Basin (or Isalo beds). It was first named by Eric Buffetaut in 1983 and the type species is ''Isalorhynchus genovefae''. The majority of ''Isalorhynchus'' specimens are isolated jaw bones, but two nearly complete skeletons were found in 1998. Langer ''et al.'', 2000 concluded that ''Isalorhynchus'' is a synonym of ''Hyperodapedon ''Hyperodapedon'' is a genus of rhynchosaurs (beaked, archosaur-like reptiles) from the Late Triassic period (Carnian stage). Fossils of the genus have been found in Africa, Asia, Europe and North and South America. Its first discovery and naming ...'' and referred it to a new species of ''Hyper ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyperodapedon
''Hyperodapedon'' is a genus of rhynchosaurs (beaked, archosaur-like reptiles) from the Late Triassic period (Carnian stage). Fossils of the genus have been found in Africa, Asia, Europe and North and South America. Its first discovery and naming was found by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1859. ''Hyperodapedon'' was a herbivore that used its beaked premaxilla and hindlimbs to dig for plants in dry land. Description ''Hyperodapedon'' was a heavily built, stocky, animal. ''H. gordoni'' had total length around with skull length of to , but largest species, ''H. huxleyi'' had lower jaw about and skull length is estimated about . Apart from its beak, it had several rows of heavy teeth on each side of the upper jaw, and a single row on each side of the lower jaw, creating a powerful chopping action when it ate. It is believed to have been herbivorous, feeding mainly on seed ferns, and died out when these plants became extinct at the end of the Triassic. The diagnosis of ''Hyperodapedo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oryctorhynchus
''Oryctorhynchus'' is an extinct genus of rhynchosaur from the Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian)-aged Wolfville Formation of Nova Scotia, Canada. The type species, ''O. bairdi'', was named and described in 2020. It was originally seen as a species of ''Hyperodapedon'' until 2020. Discovery and naming The holotype was discovered in the Wolfville Formation; its earliest known mention is by Baird (1963). Shortly after, it was informally named the "Nova Scotia ''Hyperodapedon''" (''H''. sp.) by Robin Whatley. It was briefly described by Michael Benton (1983) also as a species of ''Hyperodapedon''.Benton, M.J. 1983. The Triassic reptile ''Hyperodapedon'' from Elgin: functional morphology and relationships. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London'' B 302: 605-717. The genus was not recognised as a distinct taxon until it was named in 2020. The holotype, NSM018GFF009.003, consists of a partial jaw and several skull fragments including the rostrum and skull roof. Etymo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supradapedon
''Supradapedon'' is an extinct genus of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur from mid-late Triassic deposits of Tanganyika Territory, Tanzania. It is known from the holotype SAM-11704. The holotype and only specimen of ''Supradapedon'' was first assigned to a species of ''Scaphonyx'' (now considered to be a ''nomen dubium''), ''Scaphonyx stockleyi''. This species was reassigned to its own genus by Sankar Chatterjee in 1980 and the type species is ''Supradapedon stockleyi''. One study, Langer ''et al.'' (2000), concluded that ''Supradapedon'' is a synonym of ''Hyperodapedon ''Hyperodapedon'' is a genus of rhynchosaurs (beaked, archosaur-like reptiles) from the Triassic, Late Triassic period (Carnian stage). Fossils of the genus have been found in Africa, Asia, Europe and North and South America. Its first discovery ...'' and referred it to ''Hyperodapedon sp.'' However, the provisional validity of this genus has been commonly accepted since. References Rhynchosaurs Triassic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scaphonyx
''Hyperodapedon'' is a genus of rhynchosaurs (beaked, archosaur-like reptiles) from the Late Triassic period (Carnian stage). Fossils of the genus have been found in Africa, Asia, Europe and North and South America. Its first discovery and naming was found by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1859. ''Hyperodapedon'' was a herbivore that used its beaked premaxilla and hindlimbs to dig for plants in dry land. Description ''Hyperodapedon'' was a heavily built, stocky, animal. ''H. gordoni'' had total length around with skull length of to , but largest species, ''H. huxleyi'' had lower jaw about and skull length is estimated about . Apart from its beak, it had several rows of heavy teeth on each side of the upper jaw, and a single row on each side of the lower jaw, creating a powerful chopping action when it ate. It is believed to have been herbivorous, feeding mainly on seed ferns, and died out when these plants became extinct at the end of the Triassic. The diagnosis of ''Hyperodapedon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fodonyx
''Fodonyx'' (meaning "digging claw") is an extinct genus of rhynchosaur from the middle Triassic epoch of Devon in England. Its fossils (25 specimens) were discovered in Otter Sandstone Formation (late Anisian age) and were first assigned to '' Rhynchosaurus spenceri''. This species was reassigned to its own genus, ''Fodonyx'' (the type and only species is ''Fodonyx spenceri'') the holotype of which iEXEMS 60/1985/292, that described by David W. E. Hone and Michael J. Benton in 2008. More recently, one skull was reassigned to the new genus '' Bentonyx''. It is distinguished from other rhynchosaurs by a single autapomorphy, the ventral angling of the paraoccipital processes. In all other rhynchosaurs these processes angle dorsally or are horizontal. It is not known if this conferred any advantage to ''Fodonyx. Fodonyx'' was between 40 and 50 cm long. Features Skull and lower jaw The two premaxillae are very long and run up over the snout to meet the prefrontals at the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolutionary trees can be consistent with the same cladogram. A cladogram uses lines that branch off in different directions ending at a clade, a group of organisms with a last common ancestor. There are many shapes of cladograms but they all have lines that branch off from other lines. The lines can be traced back to where they branch off. These branching off points represent a hypothetical ancestor (not an actual entity) which can be inferred to exhibit the traits shared among the terminal taxa above it. This hypothetical ancestor might then provide clues about the order of evolution of various features, adaptation, and other evolutionary narratives about an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartography Of Africa
Indigenous maps Whereas most known early maps of Africa were prepared in the framework of the colonial enterprise, some indigenous maps have been recently uncovered, particularly in West Africa and Ethiopia. Earliest European maps The earliest cartographic depictions of Africa are found in early world maps. In classical antiquity, ''Africa'' (also ''Libya'') was assumed to cover the quarter of the globe south of the Mediterranean, an arrangement that was adhered to in medieval T and O maps. The only part of Africa well known in antiquity was the coast of North Africa, described in Greek periplus from the 6th century BC. Hellenistic era geographers defined Ancient Egypt as part of ''Asia'', taking the boundary of Asia and Egypt to lie at the '' Catabathmus Magnus'' (the escarpment of ''Akabah el-Kebir'' in western Egypt). Ptolemy's world map (2nd century) shows a reasonable awareness of the general topography of North Africa, but is unaware of anything south of the equato ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carnian
The Carnian (less commonly, Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic Series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic Epoch). It lasted from 237 to 227 million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by the Norian. Its boundaries are not characterized by major extinctions or biotic turnovers, but a climatic event (known as the Carnian pluvial episode characterized by substantial rainfall) occurred during the Carnian and seems to be associated with important extinctions or biotic radiations. Stratigraphic definitions The Carnian was named in 1869 by Mojsisovics. It is unclear if it was named after the Carnic Alps or after the Austrian region of Carinthia (''Kärnten'' in German) or after the Carnia historical region in northwestern Italy. The name, however, was first used referring to a part of the Hallstatt Limestone cropping out in Austria. The base of the Carnian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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