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Hydroxypyruvate
Hydroxypyruvic acid is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2C(O)CO2H. It is a white solid. It is encountered in many biochemical contexts, being the oxidized derivative of lactic acid, a degradation product of RuBisCO, and the result of oxidative deamination of serine. See also * Hydroxypyruvate reductase In enzymology, a hydroxypyruvate reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :D-glycerate + NAD(P)+ \rightleftharpoons hydroxypyruvate + NAD(P)H + H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are D-glycerate, NAD+, and NADP+, where ... * Hydroxypyruvate isomerase * Hydroxypyruvate decarboxylase Notes {{ketone-stub Beta hydroxy acids Alpha-keto acids Alpha-hydroxy ketones ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroxypyruvate Reductase
In enzymology, a hydroxypyruvate reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :D-glycerate + NAD(P)+ \rightleftharpoons hydroxypyruvate + NAD(P)H + H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are D-glycerate, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are hydroxypyruvate, NADH, NADPH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include beta-hydroxypyruvate reductase, NADH:hydroxypyruvate reductase, and D-glycerate dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. See also *Oxidoreductases *Enzymes *Enzyme Commission number The Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. As a system of enzym ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroxypyruvate Isomerase
In enzymology, a hydroxypyruvate isomerase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :hydroxypyruvate \rightleftharpoons 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, hydroxypyruvate, and one product, 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate. This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular oxidoreductases interconverting aldoses and ketoses. The systematic name of this enzyme class is hydroxypyruvate aldose-ketose-isomerase. This enzyme participates in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism describes a variety of reactions involving glyoxylate or dicarboxylates. Glyoxylate is the conjugate base of glyoxylic acid, and within a buffered environment of known pH such as the cell cytoplasm these ter .... References * EC 5.3.1 Enzymes of unknown structure {{isomerase-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroxypyruvate Decarboxylase
The enzyme hydroxypyruvate decarboxylase () catalyzes the chemical reaction :hydroxypyruvate \rightleftharpoons glycolaldehyde + CO2 This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is hydroxypyruvate carboxy-lyase (glycolaldehyde-forming). This enzyme is also called hydroxypyruvate carboxy-lyase. This enzyme participates in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism describes a variety of reactions involving glyoxylate or dicarboxylates. Glyoxylate is the conjugate base of glyoxylic acid, and within a buffered environment of known pH such as the cell cytoplasm these ter .... References * EC 4.1.1 Enzymes of unknown structure {{4.1-enzyme-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α- amino group (which is in the protonated − form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated − form under biological conditions), and a side chain consisting of a hydroxymethyl group, classifying it as a polar amino acid. It can be synthesized in the human body under normal physiological circumstances, making it a nonessential amino acid. It is encoded by the codons UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU and AGC. Occurrence This compound is one of the naturally occurring proteinogenic amino acids. Only the L- stereoisomer appears naturally in proteins. It is not essential to the human diet, since it is synthesized in the body from other metabolites, including glycine. Serine was first obtained from silk protein, a particularly rich source, in 1865 by Emil Cramer. Its name is derived from the Latin for silk, ''sericum''. Serine's structure w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Compound
In chemistry, organic compounds are generally any chemical compounds that contain carbon- hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds. Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms), millions of organic compounds are known. The study of the properties, reactions, and syntheses of organic compounds comprise the discipline known as organic chemistry. For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonate salts and cyanide salts), along with a few other exceptions (e.g., carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide), are not classified as organic compounds and are considered inorganic. Other than those just named, little consensus exists among chemists on precisely which carbon-containing compounds are excluded, making any rigorous definition of an organic compound elusive. Although organic compounds make up only a small percentage of Earth's crust, they are of central importance because all known life is based on organic compounds. Livin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactic Acid
Lactic acid is an organic acid. It has a molecular formula . It is white in the solid state and it is miscible with water. When in the dissolved state, it forms a colorless solution. Production includes both artificial synthesis as well as natural sources. Lactic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) due to the presence of a hydroxyl group adjacent to the carboxyl group. It is used as a synthetic intermediate in many organic synthesis industries and in various biochemical industries. The conjugate base of lactic acid is called lactate (or the lactate anion). The name of the derived acyl group is lactoyl. In solution, it can ionize by loss of a proton to produce the lactate ion . Compared to acetic acid, its p''K'' is 1 unit less, meaning lactic acid is ten times more acidic than acetic acid. This higher acidity is the consequence of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the α-hydroxyl and the carboxylate group. Lactic acid is chiral, consisting of two enantiomers. One ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RuBisCO
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, commonly known by the abbreviations RuBisCo, rubisco, RuBPCase, or RuBPco, is an enzyme () involved in the first major step of carbon fixation, a process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to energy-rich molecules such as glucose. In chemical terms, it catalyzes the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (also known as RuBP). It is probably the most abundant enzyme on Earth. Alternative carbon fixation pathways RuBisCO is important biologically because it catalyzes the primary chemical reaction by which inorganic carbon enters the biosphere. While many autotrophic bacteria and archaea fix carbon via the reductive acetyl CoA pathway, the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle, or the reverse Krebs cycle, these pathways are relatively small contributors to global carbon fixation compared to that catalyzed by RuBisCO. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, unlike RuBisCO, only te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beta Hydroxy Acids
A beta hydroxy acid or β-hydroxy acid (BHA) is an organic compound that contains a carboxylic acid functional group and hydroxy functional group separated by ''two'' carbon atoms. They are closely related to alpha hydroxy acids, in which the two functional groups are separated by ''one'' carbon atom. In cosmetics, the term ''beta hydroxy acid'' refers specifically to salicylic acid, which is used in some "anti-aging" creams and acne treatments. It is used to combat inflammation. Upon dehydration, beta-hydroxy acids yield an alpha-beta unsaturated acid. Acidic properties Compared to non-hydroxylated carboxylic acids, this group of acids is stronger, although less strong than the alpha hydroxy acids. Due to the larger distance, the intramolecular hydrogen bridge is less easily formed compared to the alpha hydroxy acids. The table summarizes some values on the propionic series. {, class="wikitable" ! Name ! p''K''a , - , Propanoic acid , , 4.87Handbook of Chemistry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
