Hydroxymaltol
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Hydroxymaltol
5-Hydroxymaltol, a derivative of maltol, is a substance that can be found in '' Penicillium echinulatum''. It is also found in toasted oak and also in honeys from blue gum (''Eucalyptus leucoxylon'') and yellow box (''Eucalyptus melliodora ''Eucalyptus melliodora'', commonly known as yellow box, honey box or yellow ironbark, is a species of medium-sized to occasionally tall tree that is endemic to south-eastern, continental Australia. It has rough, flaky or fibrous bark on part o ...''). References 4-Pyrones Enols Secondary alcohols {{heterocyclic-stub ...
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Maltol
Maltol is a naturally occurring organic compound that is used primarily as a flavor enhancer. It is found in nature in the bark of larch trees and in the needles of pine trees, and is produced during the roasting of malt (from which it gets its name) and in the baking of bread. It has the odor of caramel and is used to impart a pleasant aroma to foods and fragrances. It is used as a flavor enhancer, is designated in the U.S. as INS number 636, and is known in the European E number food additive series as E636. Chemistry Maltol is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in hot water and other polar solvents. Like related 3-hydroxy-4-Pyrylium salt, pyrones such as kojic acid, it binds to HSAB theory, hard metal centers such as Fe3+, Ga3+, Al3+, and VO2+. Related to this property, maltol has been reported to greatly increase aluminium uptake in the body and to increase the oral bioavailability of gallium and iron. Maltol's strong metal binding affinity (good iron chelator ...
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Penicillium Echinulatum
''Penicillium echinulatum'' is a mold species in the genus ''Penicillium''. It is a source of cellulase. 5-Hydroxymaltol and mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressant medication used to prevent rejection following organ transplantation and to treat autoimmune conditions such as Crohn's disease and lupus. Specifically it is used following kidney, heart, and live ... are substances that can be found in ''P. echinulatum''. References echinulatum Fungi described in 1974 Fungus species {{Eurotiomycetes-stub ...
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Honey
Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several species of bees, the best-known of which are honey bees. Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies. Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the sugary secretions of plants (primarily floral nectar) or the secretions of other insects, like the honeydew of aphids. This refinement takes place both within individual bees, through regurgitation and enzymatic activity, and during storage in the hive, through water evaporation that concentrates the honey's sugars until it is thick and viscous. Honey bees stockpile honey in the hive. Within the hive is a structure made from wax called honeycomb. The honeycomb is made up of hundreds or thousands of hexagonal cells, into which the bees regurgitate honey for storage. Other honey-producing species of bee store the substance in different structures, such as the pots made of wax and resin used by the stingless bee. Honey for human consumption is collected ...
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Eucalyptus Leucoxylon
''Eucalyptus leucoxylon'', commonly known as yellow gum, blue gum or white ironbark, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It has smooth yellowish bark with some rough bark near the base, lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three and cylindrical, barrel-shaped or shortened spherical fruit. A widely cultivated species, it has white, red or pink flowers. Description ''Eucalyptus leucoxylon'' is a tree that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth white, yellow or bluish-grey bark, usually with of rough fibrous to flaky bark the base of the trunk. Young plants and coppice regrowth have leaves mostly arranged in opposite pairs, egg-shaped to broadly lance-shaped, long and wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same slightly glossy shade of green on both sides, lance-shaped to curved, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arrange ...
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Eucalyptus Melliodora
''Eucalyptus melliodora'', commonly known as yellow box, honey box or yellow ironbark, is a species of medium-sized to occasionally tall tree that is endemic to south-eastern, continental Australia. It has rough, flaky or fibrous bark on part or all of the trunk, smooth greyish to yellowish bark above. The adult leaves are lance-shaped to egg-shaped, the flower buds are arranged in groups of seven and the fruit is more or less hemispherical. Description ''Eucalyptus melliodora'' is a tree that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. The bark is variable ranging from smooth with an irregular, short stocking, to covering most of the trunk, fibrous, dense or loosely held, grey, yellow or red-brown, occasionally very coarse, thick, dark brown to black. The smooth bark above is shed from the upper limbs to leave a smooth, white or yellowish surface. Young plants and coppice regrowth have lance-shaped to elliptic leaves that are long and wide and petiolate. Adult le ...
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Enols
In organic chemistry, enols are a type of functional group or intermediate in organic chemistry containing a group with the formula (R = many substituents). The term ''enol'' is an abbreviation of ''alkenol'', a portmanteau deriving from "-ene"/"alkene" and the "-ol". Many kinds of enols are known. Keto–enol tautomerism refers to a chemical equilibrium between a "keto" form (a carbonyl, named for the common ketone case) and an enol. The interconversion of the two forms involves the transfer of an alpha hydrogen atom and the reorganisation of bonding electrons. The keto and enol forms are tautomers of each other. Enolization Organic esters, ketones, and aldehydes with an α-hydrogen ( bond adjacent to the carbonyl group) often form enols. The reaction involves migration of a proton () from carbon to oxygen: : In the case of ketones, the conversion is called a keto-enol tautomerism, although this name is often more generally applied to all such tautomerizations. Usually th ...
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