|
Hydroxy Ketones
In organic chemistry, a hydroxy ketone (often referred to simply as a ketol) is a functional group consisting of a ketone () flanked by a hydroxyl group (). Chemicals in this group can be classified by the position of the hydroxyl relative to the ketone. The two main classes have the hydroxyl on the alpha or beta carbon, that is, on the immediately adjacent carbon or the next-further carbon, respectively. Thus, the general structure of the two main classes are (alpha) and (beta). Alpha-hydroxy ketones are also called acyloins. They are commonly formed by condensation or reductive coupling of two carbonyl () compounds or oxidation of ketones. The simplest such compound is hydroxyacetone. If the alcohol is primary, alpha-hydroxy ketones give a positive Fehling's test. Beta-hydroxy ketones are a type of aldol. They are commonly formed by an aldol reaction between two carbonyl compounds. A simple example is diacetone alcohol Diacetone alcohol is an organic compound with the fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroxyketone
In organic chemistry, a hydroxy ketone (often referred to simply as a ketol) is a functional group consisting of a ketone In organic chemistry, a ketone is an organic compound with the structure , where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group (a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). The simplest ketone is acetone ( ... () flanked by a hydroxyl group (). Chemicals in this group can be classified by the position of the hydroxyl relative to the ketone. The two main classes have the hydroxyl on the alpha and beta carbon, alpha or beta carbon, that is, on the immediately adjacent carbon or the next-further carbon, respectively. Thus, the general structure of the two main classes are (alpha) and (beta). Alpha-hydroxy ketones are also called acyloins. They are commonly formed by condensation reaction, condensation or reductive coupling of two carbonyl () compounds or oxidation of ketones. The simplest such compound is hydroxyaceton ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxidation
Redox ( , , reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state. The oxidation and reduction processes occur simultaneously in the chemical reaction. There are two classes of redox reactions: * Electron-transfer – Only one (usually) electron flows from the atom, ion, or molecule being oxidized to the atom, ion, or molecule that is reduced. This type of redox reaction is often discussed in terms of redox couples and electrode potentials. * Atom transfer – An atom transfers from one substrate to another. For example, in the rusting of iron, the oxidation state of iron atoms increases as the iron converts to an oxide, and simultaneously, the oxidation state of oxygen decreases as it accepts electrons released by the iron. Although oxidati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diacetone Alcohol
Diacetone alcohol is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2C(OH)(CH3)2, sometimes called DAA. This colorless liquid is a common synthetic intermediate used for the preparation of other compounds, and is also used as a solvent. Synthesis and reactions : First identified by Heintz, one standard laboratory preparation of DAA entails the Ba(OH)2-catalyzed condensation of two molecules of acetone. It undergoes dehydration to give the α,β-unsaturated ketone called mesityl oxide. Hydrogenation of diacetone alcohol gives hexylene glycol. Condensation with urea gives "diacetone-monourea", i.e. the heterocycle 3,4-dihydro- 4,4,6-trimethyl-2(1H)-pyrimidone. Uses Diacetone alcohol is used in cellulose ester lacquers, particularly of the brushing type, where it produces brilliant gloss and hard film and where its lack of odor is desirable. It is used in lacquer thinners, dopes, wood stains, wood preservatives and printing pastes; in coating compositions for paper and texti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aldol Reaction
The aldol reaction (aldol addition) is a Chemical reaction, reaction in organic chemistry that combines two Carbonyl group, carbonyl compounds (e.g. aldehydes or ketones) to form a new β-hydroxy carbonyl compound. Its simplest form might involve the nucleophilic addition of an Enolate, enolized ketone to another: These products are known as ''aldols'', from the ''ald''ehyde + alcoh''ol'', a structural motif seen in many of the products. The use of aldehyde in the name comes from its history: aldehydes are more reactive than ketones, so that the reaction was discovered first with them. The aldol reaction is paradigmatic in organic chemistry and one of the most common means of forming carbon–carbon bonds in organic chemistry. It lends its name to the family of aldol reactions and similar techniques analyze a whole family of carbonyl α-substitution reactions, as well as the Claisen condensation, diketone condensations. Scope Aldol structural units are found in many importa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aldol
In organic chemistry, an aldol is a structure consisting of a hydroxy group (-OH) two carbons away from either an aldehyde or a ketone. The name combines the suffix 'ol' from the alcohol and the prefix depending on the carbonyl group, either 'ald' for an aldehyde, or 'ket' for a ketone, in which case it referred to as a 'ketol'. An aldol may also use the term β-hydroxy aldehyde (or β-hydroxy ketone for a ketol). The term "aldol" may refer to 3-hydroxybutanal. Aldols are the product of a carbon-carbon bond-formation reaction, giving them wide applicability as a precursor for a variety of other compounds. Synthesis and reactions Aldols are usually synthesized from an aldol addition reaction using two aldehydes or an aldehyde and a ketone for a ketol. These reactions may also be done intramolecularly to form 5 or 6 member rings or for stereoselective syntheses in the active area of asymmetric synthesis. Aldols may also undergo a condensation reaction in which the hydroxy group ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fehling's Test
In organic chemistry, Fehling's solution is a chemical reagent used to differentiate between water-soluble carbohydrate and ketone () functional groups, and as a test for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars, supplementary to the Tollens' reagent test. The test was developed by German chemist Hermann von Fehling in 1849. Laboratory preparation Fehling's solution is prepared by combining two separate solutions: Fehling's A, which is a deep blue aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate, and Fehling's B, which is a colorless solution of aqueous potassium sodium tartrate (also known as Rochelle salt) made strongly alkaline with sodium hydroxide. These two solutions, stable separately, are combined when needed for the test because the copper(II) complex formed by their combination is not stable: it slowly decomposes into copper hydroxide in the alkaline conditions. The active reagent is a tartrate complex of Cu2+, which serves as an oxidizing agent. The tartrate serves as a ligand. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primary Alcohol
A primary alcohol is an alcohol in which the hydroxy group is bonded to a primary carbon atom. It can also be defined as a molecule containing a “–CH2OH” group. In contrast, a secondary alcohol has a formula “–CHROH” and a tertiary alcohol has a formula “–CR2OH”, where “R” indicates a carbon-containing group. Examples of primary alcohols include ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol. Methanol is also generally regarded as a primary alcohol, including by the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. See also * Alcohol Alcohol may refer to: Common uses * Alcohol (chemistry), a class of compounds * Ethanol, one of several alcohols, commonly known as alcohol in everyday life ** Alcohol (drug), intoxicant found in alcoholic beverages ** Alcoholic beverage, an alco ... (especially Nomenclature section for discussion on Secondary and Tertiary alcohols.) * Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids References {{organic-chem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydroxyacetone
Hydroxyacetone, also known as acetol, is the organic chemical with the formula CH3C(O)CH2OH. It consists of a primary alcohol substituent on acetone. It is an α-hydroxyketone, also called a ketol, and is the simplest hydroxy ketone structure. It is a colorless, distillable liquid. Preparation It is produced commercially by dehydration of glycerol. Hydroxyacetone is commercially available, but it also may be synthesized on a laboratory scale by a substitution reaction on bromoacetone. Reactions It undergoes rapid polymerization, including forming a hemiacetal cyclic dimer. Under alkaline conditions, it undergoes a rapid aldol condensation. Hydroxyacetone can be produced by degradation of various sugars. In foods, it is formed by the Maillard reaction. It reacts further to form other compounds with various aromas. As such it finds some use as a flavoring. See also * Acyloin In organic chemistry, acyloins or α-hydroxy ketones are a class of organic compounds of the gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbonyl
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula , composed of a carbon atom double bond, double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom. It is common to several classes of organic compounds (such as aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acid), as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound. The term carbonyl can also refer to carbon monoxide as a ligand in an inorganic or organometallic complex (a metal carbonyl, e.g. nickel carbonyl). The remainder of this article concerns itself with the organic chemistry definition of carbonyl, such that carbon and oxygen share a double bond. Carbonyl compounds In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group characterizes the following types of compounds: Other organic carbonyls are urea and the carbamates, the derivatives of acyl chlorides, chloroformates and phosgene, carbonate esters, thioesters, lactones, lactams, Hydro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the science, scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic matter, organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.Clayden, J.; Greeves, N. and Warren, S. (2012) ''Organic Chemistry''. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–15. . Study of structure determines their structural formula. Study of properties includes Physical property, physical and Chemical property, chemical properties, and evaluation of Reactivity (chemistry), chemical reactivity to understand their behavior. The study of organic reactions includes the organic synthesis, chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and polymers, and study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and via theoretical (in silico) study. The range of chemicals studied chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) as well as compounds based on carbon, but a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reductive Coupling
In organic chemistry, a coupling reaction is a type of reaction in which two reactant molecules are bonded together. Such reactions often require the aid of a metal catalyst. In one important reaction type, a main group organometallic compound of the type R-M (where R = organic group, M = main group centre metal atom) reacts with an organic halide of the type R'-X with formation of a new carbon–carbon bond in the product R-R'. The most common type of coupling reaction is the cross coupling reaction. Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions. Broadly speaking, two types of coupling reactions are recognized: *Homocouplings joining two identical partners. The product is symmetrical *Heterocouplings joining two different partners. These reactions are also called cross-coupling reaction In organic chemistry, a cross-coupling reaction is a reaction where two differ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
