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Hydrazine (antidepressant)
The hydrazine antidepressants are a group of non-selective, irreversible inhibition, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) which were discovered and initially marketed in the 1950s and 1960s. Most have been withdrawn due to toxicity, namely hepatotoxicity, but a few still remain in clinical use. Tranylcypromine, a structurally unrelated MAOI introduced around the same time as the hydrazines, was originally advertised as ''non-hydrazine'' as a result of its diminished propensity for causing hepatotoxicity. List of hydrazine antidepressants Marketed * Benmoxin (Neuralex, Nerusil) ‡ * Iproclozide (Sursum) ‡ * Iproniazid (Marsilid) ‡ * Isocarboxazid (Marplan) * Mebanazine (Actomol) ‡ * Nialamide (Niamid) ‡ * Octamoxin (Ximaol, Nimaol) ‡ * Phenelzine (Nardil) * Pheniprazine (Catron) ‡ * Phenoxypropazine (Drazine) ‡ * Pivhydrazine (Tersavid) ‡ * Safrazine (Safra) ‡ Legend: ‡ = Withdrawn from the market; † = Partially discontinued; Bolded names i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iproniazid
Iproniazid (Marsilid, Rivivol, Euphozid, Iprazid, Ipronid, Ipronin) is a non-selective, irreversible inhibition, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine (antidepressant), hydrazine class. It is a xenobiotic that was originally designed to treat tuberculosis, but was later most prominently used as an antidepressant drug. However, it was withdrawn from the market because of its hepatotoxicity. The medical use of iproniazid was discontinued in most of the world in the 1960s, but remained in use in France until its discontinuation in 2015. History Iproniazid was originally developed for the treatment of tuberculosis, but in 1952, its antidepressant properties were discovered when researchers noted that patients became inappropriately happy when given isoniazid, a structural analog of iproniazid. Subsequently, N-isopropyl Addition reaction, addition led to development as an antidepressant and was approved for use in 1958. It was withdrawn in most of the worl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pheniprazine
Pheniprazine, formerly sold under the brand names Catron and Cavodil, is an irreversible and non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine group that was used as an antidepressant to treat depression in the 1960s. It was also used in the treatment of angina pectoris and schizophrenia. Pheniprazine has been largely discontinued due to toxicity concerns such as jaundice, amblyopia, and optic neuritis. Pharmacology Pheniprazine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Amphetamine has been detected as an active metabolite of pheniprazine in animals. Pheniprazine produces amphetamine- and psychostimulant-like effects at high doses in animals. The same is true of certain other MAOIs, including iproniazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine, and pargyline, but not nialamide. Chemistry Pheniprazine, also known as α-methylphenethylhydrazine, is a phenethylamine, amphetamine, and hydrazine derivative. It is a close analogue of phenelzine (phenethylhydrazine) and amph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepatotoxins
Hepatotoxicity (from ''hepatic toxicity'') implies chemical-driven liver damage. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease caused specifically by medications and the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market after approval. The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents. Certain medicinal agents, when taken in Drug overdose, overdoses (e.g. Paracetamol, acetaminophen, paracetamol) and sometimes even when introduced within Therapeutic index, therapeutic ranges (e.g. halothane), may injure the organ. Other chemical agents, such as those used in laboratories and industries, natural chemicals (e.g., alpha-amanitin), and Herbalism, herbal remedies (two prominent examples being kava, though the causal mechanism is unknown, and comfrey, through pyrrolizidine alkaloid content) can also induce hepatotoxicity. Chemicals that cause liver injury are called hep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbidopa
Carbidopa, sold under the brand name Lodosyn, is a medication given to people with Parkinson's disease in order to inhibit peripheral metabolism of levodopa. This property is significant in that it allows a greater proportion of administered levodopa to cross the blood–brain barrier for central nervous system effect, instead of being peripherally metabolised into substances unable to cross said barrier. Pharmacology Carbidopa inhibits aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase (DOPA decarboxylase or DDC), an enzyme important in the biosynthesis of serotonin from and in the biosynthesis of dopamine (DA) from . DDC exists both outside of (body periphery) and within the confines of the blood–brain barrier. Carbidopa is used in the treatment of, among other diseases, Parkinson's disease (PD), a condition characterized by death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Increased dopamine availability may increase the effectiveness of the remaining neurons and alleviate sympto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parkinson's
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a neurodegenerative disease primarily of the central nervous system, affecting both motor and non-motor systems. Symptoms typically develop gradually and non-motor issues become more prevalent as the disease progresses. The motor symptoms are collectively called parkinsonism and include tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity as well as postural instability (i.e., difficulty maintaining balance). Non-motor symptoms develop later in the disease and include behavioral changes or neuropsychiatric problems such as sleep abnormalities, psychosis, anosmia, and mood swings. Most Parkinson's disease cases are idiopathic, though contributing factors have been identified. Pathophysiology involves progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the substantia nigra, a midbrain region that provides dopamine to the basal ganglia, a system involved in voluntary motor control. The cause of this cell death is poorly understood but involves the aggreg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metfendrazine
Metfendrazine (developmental code names HM-11, MO-482), also known as methphendrazine, is an irreversible and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine family. It was investigated as an antidepressant, but was never marketed. Chemistry Metfendrazine, also known as methamphetamine hydrazide, is a phenethylamine, amphetamine, and hydrazine derivative. It is an analogue and derivative of phenelzine (phenethylamine hydrazide) and pheniprazine (amphetamine hydrazide), as well as of phenethylamine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug use, recreational or Performance-enhancing substance, performance-enhancing drug and less commonly as a secon .... References {{Phenethylamines Abandoned drugs Methamphetamines Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Phenethylhydrazines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Domoxin
Domoxin (INN) is a hydrazine derivative monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant which was never marketed. See also * Monoamine oxidase inhibitor * Hydrazine (antidepressant) The hydrazine antidepressants are a group of non-selective, irreversible inhibition, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) which were discovered and initially marketed in the 1950s and 1960s. Most have been withdrawn due to toxicity, ... References Antidepressants Benzodioxans Hydrazines Monoamine oxidase inhibitors {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cimemoxin
Cimemoxin (INN), or cyclohexylmethylhydrazine, is a hydrazine monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant which was never marketed. Synthesis It possesses 50 times the relative activity of iproniazid and 25x nialamide (see patent). 3-Cyclohexene-1-carbaldehyde 00-50-5(aka 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrobenzaldehyde) is reacted with N-acetylhydrazine to give the hydrazone, which is reduced by catalytic hydrogenation. The acetyl group is removed by acid hydrolysis. See also * Monoamine oxidase inhibitor * Hydrazine (antidepressant) The hydrazine antidepressants are a group of non-selective, irreversible inhibition, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) which were discovered and initially marketed in the 1950s and 1960s. Most have been withdrawn due to toxicity, ... References Antidepressants Hydrazines Monoamine oxidase inhibitors {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbenzide
Carbenzide (INN), is a hydrazine derivative monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant which was never marketed. See also * Monoamine oxidase inhibitor * Hydrazine (antidepressant) The hydrazine antidepressants are a group of non-selective, irreversible inhibition, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) which were discovered and initially marketed in the 1950s and 1960s. Most have been withdrawn due to toxicity, ... References Antidepressants Carboxylic acids Hydrazides Monoamine oxidase inhibitors {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Safrazine
Safrazine (Safra) is a non-selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine class that was introduced as an antidepressant in the 1960s, but has since been discontinued alongside several old generation MAOIs in favor of the invention of RIMAs and more efficacious treatments for depression in general. See also * Hydrazine (antidepressant) The hydrazine antidepressants are a group of non-selective, irreversible inhibition, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) which were discovered and initially marketed in the 1950s and 1960s. Most have been withdrawn due to toxicity, ... References Hydrazines Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Benzodioxoles Withdrawn drugs {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pivhydrazine
Pivhydrazine (trade name Tersavid), also known as pivalylbenzhydrazine and pivazide, is an irreversible and non- selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine family. It was formerly used as an antidepressant in the 1960s, but has since been discontinued. See also * Hydrazine (antidepressant) The hydrazine antidepressants are a group of non-selective, irreversible inhibition, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) which were discovered and initially marketed in the 1950s and 1960s. Most have been withdrawn due to toxicity, ... References Hydrazides Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Withdrawn drugs {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
