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Hurqalya
The realm of ''Malakut'' (), also known as Hurqalya or Huralya, is a proposed invisible realm of medieval Islamic cosmology. The Quran speaks of the ''malakūt al-samāwāt wa l-arḍ'' "kingdom of heaven and earth", where the heavenly kingdom represents the ultimate authority of God over the earth. This concept is attested by the writings of al-Ghazali (c. 1058–1111), but limited to epistemological categories of understanding metaphysical realities (spirits, heavens, etc.). Only centuries later, in particular with the Illuministic school of thought (''Ishrāqi'') and ibn Arabi (1165 – 1240), was it developed into a full ontological concept. ''Malakut'' is sometimes used interchangeably with '' 'ālam al-mithāl'' or imaginal realm, but otherwise distinguished from it as a realm between '' 'ālam al-mithāl'' and '' 'ālam al-jabarūt.'' In this context, ''Malakut'' is a plane below the high angels, but higher than the plane where the jinn and demons live. The higher rea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry Corbin
Henry Corbin (14 April 1903 – 7 October 1978) was a French philosopher, theologian, and Iranologist, professor of Islamic studies at the École pratique des hautes études. He was influential in extending the modern study of traditional Islamic philosophy from early ''falsafa'' to later and "mystical" figures such as Suhrawardi, Ibn Arabi, and Mulla Sadra Shirazi. With works such as ''Histoire de la philosophie islamique'' (1964), he challenged the common European view that philosophy in the Islamic world declined after Averroes and Avicenna. Born into a Protestant family in Paris in April 1903, Corbin received a Catholic education, obtaining a certificate in Scholastic philosophy from the Catholic Institute of Paris at age 19. Three years later he took his "license de philosophie" under the Thomist thinker Étienne Gilson. He studied modern philosophy, including hermeneutics and phenomenology, becoming the first French translator of Martin Heidegger. In 1928, Louis Massig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akhirah
al-Ākhirah (, derived from ''Akhir'' which means last, ultimate, end or close) is an Arabic term for "the Hereafter". In Islamic eschatology, on Judgment Day, the natural or temporal world (''dunya'') will come to an end, the dead will be resurrected from their graves, and God will pronounce judgment on their deeds, consigning them for eternity to either the bliss of ''jannah'' (heaven) or the torment of ''jahannam'' (hell). The belief that death is not the end of existence, but a transferral from the temporal world to the everlasting world, (''al-Ākhirah''), is a belief Islam shares with other Abrahamic religions such as Judaism and Christianity. ''Al-Ākhirah'' is referenced dozens of times in the Quran in numerous surahs where among other things, believers are told it makes "the enjoyment of this worldly life" (''dunya'') appear "insignificant" (Q.9:38). In connection with the Last Judgment, it is traditionally considered to be one of the six essential beliefs of Muslim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nafs
''Nafs'' () is an Arabic word occurring in the Quran, literally meaning "self", and has been translated as " psyche", " ego" or "soul".Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", ''The International Medical Journal'' 4 (2), p. 76-79 The term is cognate with the Hebrew word ''nephesh'', נֶפֶשׁ. In the Quran, the word ''nafs'' is used in both the individualistic (verse 2:48) and collective sense (verse 4:1), indicating that although humanity is united in possessing the positive qualities of a ''nafs'', they are individually responsible for exercising the agencies of the "free will" that it provides them. Much of the popular literature on ''nafs'', however, is focused on the Sufi conceptions of the term located within the sadr (the chest). According to the Sufi philosophies, the ''nafs'' in its unrefined state is "the ego", which they consider to be the lowest dimension of a person's inward existence—his animal and satanic na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shaykh Ahmad
Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsā'ī () (May 1753 ― 27 June 1826) was a prominent Islamic theologian and jurist who founded the influential Shaykhī school of Twelver Shi'ism, which attracted followers from throughout the Persian and Ottoman Empires. He was a native of the Al-Ahsa region of eastern Arabia, educated in Bahrain and the theological centres of Najaf and Karbala. He spent 16 years in Iran, where he received the protection and patronage of princes of the Qajar dynasty. Shaykh Ahmad diverged from the Usuli school on key issues related to Islamic eschatology, the role of the ulama, and the proper interpretation of the mystical hadith of the Twelve Imams. He claimed to derive his authority from the Imams, who communicated to him in visions. These divergences resulted in accusations of heresy from orthodox members of the Shia ulama, and instances of persecution against al-Ahsa'i and his followers occurred during and after his lifetime. His teachings were complex, thus he often ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barzakh
Barzakh (Arabic: برزخ) is an Arabic word meaning "obstacle", "hindrance", "separation", or "barrier". In Islam, it denotes a place separating the living from the hereafter or a phase/"stage" between an individual's death and their resurrection in "the Hereafter". It is also considered as a place where souls rest until the day of judgement. It bears resemblance to the intermediate state in Christianity. Some scholars believe that good Muslims will have a heavenly experience during this time, and sinners will experience suffering; while some Shia scholars believe the experience will not be like the physical pain or pleasure of the temporal world. Scholars have different definitions of ''Barzakh''. According to Ghazali, Barzakh may be the place for those who go neither to hell nor to heaven. According to Ibn Hazm, Barzakh is also the place for unborn souls, which are elsewhere described as residing in the lowest of the seven heavens, where an angel blows them into the wombs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mount Qaf
Mount Qaf, or Qaf-Kuh, also spelled Cafcuh and Kafkuh (), or Jabal Qaf, also spelled Djebel Qaf (); ''Koh-i-Qaf'', also spelled ''Koh-Qaf'' and ''Kuh-i-Qaf'' or ''Kuh-e Qaf'' (); or ''Kaf Dağı'' in Turkish is a legendary mountain in the popular mythology of the Middle East. In some early Arab traditions, Mount Qaf is said to be the homeland of the jinn and was made out of shining emerald by God. Iranian tradition Historically Iranian power never extended over all of the Northern Caucasus and ancient lore shrouded these high mountains in mystery. In Iranian tradition this mountain could be any of the following: * The highest mountain in Qafqaz * The "unknown" mountain referred to as ''Gapkuh''''Qāf'' is the Arabized form of the Middle Persian word ''gâp'' meaning "unknown". The oldest mention of ''Gapkuh'' or the "unknown mountain" is in an inscription of Shapur I (241-272 AD) for the mountains between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. The name of the Caucasus Mountains is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalam
''Ilm al-kalam'' or ''ilm al-lahut'', often shortened to ''kalam'', is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology ('' aqida''). It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith ('' usul al-din''), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. Kalām was born out of the need to establish and defend the tenets of Islam against the philosophical doubters, and to defend against heretical and religious innovations (''bidʿah''). A scholar of ''kalam'' is referred to as a ''mutakallim'' (plural ''mutakallimun''), a role distinguished from those of Islamic philosophers and jurists. After its first beginnings in the late Umayyad period, the Kalām experienced its rise in the early Abbasid period, when the Caliph al-Mahdi commissioned Mutakallimūn to write books against the followers of Iranian religions, and the Barmakid vizier Yahya ibn Khalid held Kalām discussions with members of various re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shia
Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib () as both his political successor (caliph) and as the spiritual leader of the Muslim community (imam). However, his right is understood to have been usurped by a number of Muhammad's companions at the meeting of Saqifa where they appointed Abu Bakr () as caliph instead. As such, Sunni Muslims believe Abu Bakr, Umar (), Uthman () and Ali to be ' rightly-guided caliphs' whereas Shia Muslims only regard Ali as the legitimate successor. Shia Muslims assert imamate continued through Ali's sons Hasan and Husayn, after whom different Shia branches have their own imams. They revere the , the family of Muhammad, maintaining that they possess divine knowledge. Shia holy sites include the shrine of Ali in Najaf, the shrine of Husayn in Karbala and other mausoleums of the . Later events such as Husayn's martyrdom in the Battle of Karbala (680 CE) further influenced the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mulla Sadra
Ṣadr ad-Dīn Muḥammad Shīrāzī, more commonly known as Mullā Ṣadrā (; ; c. 1571/2 – c. 1635/40 CE / 980 – 1050 AH), was a Persians, Persian Twelver Shi'a, Shi'i Islamic philosophy, Islamic mystic, philosopher, Kalam, theologian, and Ulema, ‘Ālim who led the Iranian cultural renaissance in the 17th century. According to Oliver Leaman, Mulla Sadra is arguably the single most important and influential philosopher in the Muslim world in the last four hundred years. Though not its founder, he is considered the master of the Illuminationism, Illuminationist (or, Ishraghi or Illuminationist philosophy, Ishraqi) school of Philosophy, a seminal figure who synthesized the many tracts of the Islamic Golden Age philosophies into what he called the Transcendent Theosophy or ''al-hikmah al-muta’āliyah''. Mulla Sadra brought "a new philosophical insight in dealing with the nature of reality" and created "a major transition from essentialism to existentialism" in Islamic ph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jahannam
In Islam, Jahannam () is the place of punishment for Islamic views on sin, evildoers in the afterlife, or hell. This notion is an integral part of Islamic theology,#ETISN2009, Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", ''Numen'', 56, 2009: p.401 and has occupied an important place in Muslim belief.#CLLHiIT2016, Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.3 The concept is often called by the proper name "Jahannam", but other names refer to hell and these are also often used as the names of different gates to hell. The term "Jahannam" itself is used not only for hell in general but (in one interpretation) for the uppermost layer of hell. The importance of Hell in Islamic doctrine is that it is an essential element of the Islamic eschatology, Day of Judgment, which is one of Iman (Islam)#The Six Articles of Faith, the six articles of faith (belief in God, the angels, books, prophets, Day of Resurrection, and decree) "by which the Muslim faith is traditionally defined". Other names for Jah ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jannah
In Islam, Jannah (, ''jannāt'', ) is the final and permanent abode of the righteous. According to one count, the word appears 147 times in the Qur'an. Belief in the afterlife is one of the Iman (Islam)#The Six Articles of Faith, six articles of faith in Sunni Islam and is a place in which "Mumin, believers" will enjoy pleasure, while the Kafir, disbelievers (''Kafir'') will suffer in ''Jahannam''.#ETISN2009, Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009: p.401 Both ''Jannah'' and ''Jahannam'' are believed to have several levels. In the case of Jannah, the higher levels are more desirable, and in the case of Jahannam, the lower levels have more severe punishments — in ''Jannah'' the higher the prestige and pleasure, in ''Jahannam'' the severity of the suffering. The afterlife experiences are described as physical, psychic and spiritual. Jannah is described with physical pleasures such as gardens, beautiful houris, wine that has no aftereffects, and "divine pleasure". Their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Shahrazuri
Shams al-Din Muhammad Mahmud Shahrazuri () knowns as Shahrazuri () was a 13th-century Muslim physician, historian and philosopher. He was of Kurds, Kurdish origin. It appears that he was alive in AD 1288. However, it is also said that he died in the same year. Shahrazuri was an important historian and scholar of the late 13th century who composed a biographical dictionary of both Ancient Greece, ancient Greek and early Muslim learned men. Although he wrote a major biographical work on scholars, very little is known about his life, including the dates of his birth and death. Perhaps the most well known work by him is ''Nuzhat al arwâḥ wa rawḍat al-afrâḥ''. According to the correction and reprint by M A Khurshid, there are several copies of the book; one of them in the John Rylands Library, John Rylands library in Manchester. Edward Granville Browne mentions two medical works attributed to him, one in Arabic and another in Persian language.(E. Browne, p. 100) One of his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
