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Homo Sacer
''Homo sacer'' (Latin for "the sacred man" or "the accursed man") is a figure of Roman law: a person who is banned and might be killed by anybody, but must not be sacrificed in a religious ritual. Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben takes the concept as the starting point of his main work '' Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life'' (1998). The ''homo sacer'' in Roman antiquity The meaning of the term ''sacer'' in Ancient Roman religion is not fully congruent with the meaning it took after Christianization, and which was adopted into English as ''sacred''. In early Roman religion ''sacer'' denotes anything "set apart" from common society and encompasses both the sense of "hallowed" and that of "cursed". The ''homo sacer'' could thus also simply mean a person expunged from society and deprived of all rights and all functions in civil religion. A definition of ''homo sacer'' is found in Festus, who states 'homo sacer is est quem populus iudicavit ob maleficium; neque fas est ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Law
Roman law is the law, legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (), to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law also denoted the legal system applied in most of Western Europe until the end of the 18th century. In Germany, Roman law practice remained in place longer under the Holy Roman Empire (963–1806). Roman law thus served as a basis for Civil law (legal system), legal practice throughout Western continental Europe, as well as in most former colonies of these European nations, including Latin America, and also in Ethiopia. English and Anglo-American common law were influenced also by Roman law, notably in their Latinate legal glossary. Eastern Europe was also influenced by the jurisprudence of the , especially in countries such as medieval Romania, which created a new legal system comprising a mixture of Roman and local law. After the dissolution of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habeas Corpus Act 1679
The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 ( 31 Cha. 2. c. 2) is an act of the Parliament of England passed during the reign of King Charles II. It was passed by what became known as the Habeas Corpus Parliament to define and strengthen the ancient prerogative writ of ''habeas corpus'', which required a court to examine the lawfulness of a prisoner's detention and thus prevent unlawful or arbitrary imprisonment. Earlier and subsequent history The act is often wrongly described as the origin of the writ of ''habeas corpus''. But the writ of ''habeas corpus'' had existed in various forms in England for at least five centuries before and is thought to have originated in the Assize of Clarendon of 1166. It was guaranteed, but not created, by Magna Carta in 1215, whose article 39 reads (translated from Latin): "No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned or disseised or exiled or in any way destroyed, nor will we go upon him nor will we send upon him except upon the lawful judgement of his peers o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daniel Heller-Roazen
Daniel Heller-Roazen is the Arthur W. Marks '19 Professor of Comparative Literature at Princeton University. He is one of the translators into English of work by Giorgio Agamben. He was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2018. His father was the historian of psychoanalysis, Paul Roazen. Books in English * (ed. and tr.) ''Potentialities: Collected Essays in Philosophy'' by Giorgio Agamben, 1999. * ''Fortune's Faces: The Roman de la Rose and the Poetics of Contingency'', 2003. * ''Echolalias: On the Forgetting of Language'', 2005. * ''The Inner Touch: Archaeology of a Sensation'', 2007. Winner of the Modern Language Association The Modern Language Association of America, often referred to as the Modern Language Association (MLA), is widely considered the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature. The MLA aims to "str ...'s 2008 Aldo and Jeanne Scaglione Prize for Comparative Literary Studies. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanford University Press
Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University. It is one of the oldest academic presses in the United States and the first university press to be established on the West Coast. It is currently a member of the Association of University Presses. The press publishes 130 books per year across the humanities, social sciences, and business, and has more than 3,500 titles in print. History David Starr Jordan, the first president of Stanford University, posited four propositions to Leland and Jane Stanford when accepting the post, the last of which stipulated, "That provision be made for the publication of the results of any important research on the part of professors, or advanced students. Such papers may be issued from time to time as 'Memoirs of the Leland Stanford Junior University.'" In 1892, the first work of scholarship to be published under the Stanford name, ''The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789-1833'', by Orrin Leslie Elliott, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vogelfrei
''Vogelfrei'' ( and ) in German usage denotes the status of a person on whom a legal penalty of outlawry has been imposed. However, the original meaning of the term referred to independence, being "free as a bird". History and etymology Originally, the word ''vogelfrei'' merely meant "as free as a bird, not bound." That is the usage in a German source from 1455. Even Martin Luther (1483–1546) and Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531) used the term still in its original meaning. As of the 1507 Bamberg Halsgerichtsordnung (penal code of Bamberg) the term was linked to a person being banned. This resulted from the formulas: As you have been lawfully judged and banished for murder, so I remove your body and good from the state of peace and rule them strifed and proclaim you free of any redemption and rights ''and I proclaim you as free as the birds in the air'' and the beasts in the forest and the fish in the water, and you shall not have peace nor company on any road or by any ruling ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unlawful Combatant
An unlawful combatant, illegal combatant, or unprivileged combatant/belligerent is a person who directly engages in armed conflict and is considered a terrorist and therefore is deemed not to be a lawful combatant protected by the Geneva Conventions. The International Committee of the Red Cross points out that the terms "unlawful combatant", "illegal combatant" or "unprivileged combatant/belligerent" are not defined in any international agreements. While the concept of an unlawful combatant is included in the Third Geneva Convention, the phrase itself does not appear in the document. Article 4 of the Third Geneva Convention does describe categories under which a person may be entitled to prisoner of war status. There are other international treaties that deny lawful combatant status for mercenaries and children. The Geneva Conventions apply in wars between two or more opposing sovereign states. They do not apply to civil wars between state forces, whether territorial or third ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persona Non Grata
In diplomacy, a ' (PNG) is a foreign diplomat that is asked by the host country to be recalled to their home country. If the person is not recalled as requested, the host state may refuse to recognize the person concerned as a member of the diplomatic mission (including the removal of diplomatic immunity). A host country may declare any member of a diplomatic staff ' at any time without any explanation. Diplomacy Under Article 9 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, a receiving state may "at any time and without having to explain its decision" declare any member of a diplomatic staff '. A person so declared is considered unacceptable and is usually recalled to their home nation. If not recalled, the receiving state "may refuse to recognize the person concerned as a member of the mission". A person can be declared before even entering the country. With the protection of mission staff from prosecution for violating civil and criminal laws, depending on rank, under Arti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stateless Person
Stateless may refer to: Society * Anarchism, a political philosophy opposed to the institution of the state * Stateless communism, which Karl Marx predicted would be the final phase of communism * Stateless nation, a group of people without a nation-state * Stateless society, a society that is not governed by a state * Statelessness, the legal and social concept applicable to persons who are not citizens or subjects of any state Computing * State (computer science), relating to the configuration of information * Stateless protocol A stateless protocol is a communication protocol in which the receiver must not retain session state from previous requests. The sender transfers relevant session state to the receiver in such a way that every request can be understood in isolatio ..., a communications protocol that treats each request as an independent transaction that is unrelated to any previous request * Stateless firewall, that treats each network frame (or packet) in isola ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Outcast (person)
An outcast is someone who is rejected or cast out, as from home or from society or in some way excluded, looked down upon, or ignored. In common English speech, an outcast may be anyone who does not fit in with normal society, which can contribute to a sense of isolation. Compare the concept of sending to Coventry. History In Ancient Greece, the Athenians had a procedure known as ostracism in which all citizens could write a person's name on a shard of broken pottery (called ostraka) and place it in a large container in a public place. If an individual's name was written a sufficient number of times, he was ostracized—banished from the city for ten years. In early modern German society, executioners and their families were considered " dishonourable people" (''unehrliche Leute''). In France, executioners and their families were ostracized and lived in social isolation. India Outcasts, in the caste system in India, are individuals or a group that for some reason wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kafir
''Kāfir'' (; , , or ; ; or ) is an Arabic-language term used by Muslims to refer to a non-Muslim, more specifically referring to someone who disbelieves in the Islamic God, denies his authority, and rejects the message of Islam as the truth. ''Kafir'' is often translated as 'infidel', 'truth denier', 'rejector', 'disbeliever', 'unbeliever', The term is used in different ways in the Quran, with the most fundamental sense being ungrateful towards God. ''Kufr'' means 'disbelief', 'unbelief', 'non-belief', 'to be thankless', 'to be faithless', or 'ingratitude'. The opposite term of ''kufr'' ('disbelief') is iman (Islam), ''iman'' ('faith'), and the opposite of ''kafir'' ('disbeliever') is mumin, ''mu'min'' ('believer'). A Atheism, person who denies the existence of a creator might be called a Glossary of Islam#D, dahri. One type of ''kafir'' is a ''Shirk (Islam), mushrik'' (مشرك), another group of religious wrongdoer mentioned frequently in the List of Islamic tex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hostis Humani Generis
(Latin for 'an enemy of mankind') is a legal term of art that originates in admiralty law. Before the adoption of public international law, pirates and slavers were generally held to be beyond legal protection and so could be dealt with by any nation, even one that had not been directly attacked. A comparison can be made between this concept and the common law "writ of outlawry", which declared a person outside the king's law, a literal out-law, subject to violence and execution by anyone. The ancient Roman civil law concept of proscription, and the status of conveyed by proscription may also be similar. Background Perhaps the oldest of the laws of the sea is the prohibition of piracy, as the peril of being set upon by pirates, who are not motivated by national allegiance, is shared by the vessels and mariners of all nations, and thus represents a crime upon all nations. Since classical antiquity, pirates have been held to be individuals waging private warfare, a private ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dalit
Dalit ( from meaning "broken/scattered") is a term used for untouchables and outcasts, who represented the lowest stratum of the castes in the Indian subcontinent. They are also called Harijans. Dalits were excluded from the fourfold varna of the caste hierarchy and were seen as forming a fifth varna, also known by the name of ''Panchama''. Several scholars have drawn parallels between Dalits and the '' Burakumin'' of Japan, the '' Baekjeong'' of Korea and the peasant class of the medieval European feudal system. Dalits predominantly follow Hinduism with significant populations following Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity, and Islam. The constitution of India includes Dalits as one of the Scheduled Castes; this gives Dalits the right to protection, positive discrimination (known as reservation in India), and official development resources. Terminology The term ''Dalit'' is for those called the "untouchables" and others that were outside of the traditional Hindu caste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
