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History Of Religions School
The history of religions school (German: ''Religionsgeschichtliche Schule'') is a term applied to a group of German Protestant theologians associated with the University of Göttingen in the 1890s. Ideas The ''Religionsgeschichtliche Schule'' used the methodologies of higher criticism, a branch of criticism that investigates the origins of ancient texts in order to understand "the world behind the text." It compared Christianity to other religions, regarding it as one religion among others and rejecting its claims to absolute truth, and demonstrating that it shares characteristics with other religions. It argued that Christianity was not simply the continuation of the Old Testament, but syncretistic, and was rooted in and influenced by Hellenistic Judaism (Philo) and Hellenistic religions like the mystery cults and Gnosticism. Influence The school initiated new areas of research into Biblical history and textual analysis. Members The circle included Bernhard Duhm (1873), Alber ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protestant Theologian
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice. The five solae, five ''solae'' summarize the basic theological beliefs of mainstream Protestantism. Protestants follow the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began in the 16th century with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church from perceived Criticism of the Catholic Church, errors, abuses, and discrepancies. The Reformation began in the Holy Roman Empire in 1517, when Martin Luther published his ''Ninety-five Theses'' as a reaction against abuses in the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church, which purported to offer the remission of the Purgatory, temporal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hugo Gressmann
Hugo Gressmann (March 21, 1877 – April 6, 1927) was a prominent Old Testament scholar in Protestant Germany and a friend and associate of the eminent scholar Hermann Gunkel. He was a member of the history of religions school. Early life He was born on March 21, 1877, in Mölln, in the Province of Schleswig-Holstein. ''Gattungsgeschichte'' method Gressmann carried over the work of Gunkel in which he used the ''Gattungsgeschichte'' method of Biblical study (otherwise known as Form Criticism) and applied it to the books of Exodus, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 & 2 Samuel and 1 & 2 Kings, in the Old Testament. He took a traditio-historical approach in examining these passages, aiming to examine individual units so as to glean from them their original setting and purpose. Conflict with the ideas of Wellhausen Gressmann was significant in that he disagreed with the ideas of Julius Wellhausen, another eminent Biblical scholar, on the dates of the Decalogue (more commonly known as the Ten ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Religion In Ancient History
Religion is a range of social system, social-cultural systems, including designated religious behaviour, behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, religious text, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics in religion, ethics, or religious organization, organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendence (religion), transcendental, and spirituality, spiritual elements—although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion. It is an essentially contested concept. Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from the divine, sacredness, faith,Tillich, P. (1957) ''Dynamics of faith''. Harper Perennial; (p. 1). and a supernatural being or beings. The origin of religious belief is an open question, with possible explanations including awareness of individual death, a sense of community, and dreams. Religions have sacred histories, narratives, and mythologies, preserved in oral traditions, sac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Religion Studies
History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some theorists categorize history as a social science, while others see it as part of the humanities or consider it a hybrid discipline. Similar debates surround the purpose of history—for example, whether its main aim is theoretical, to uncover the truth, or practical, to learn lessons from the past. In a more general sense, the term ''history'' refers not to an academic field but to the past itself, times in the past, or to individual texts about the past. Historical research relies on primary and secondary sources to reconstruct past events and validate interpretations. Source criticism is used to evaluate these sources, assessing their authenticity, content, and reliability. Historians strive to integrate the perspectives of several sources to develop a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Religions School
The history of religions school (German: ''Religionsgeschichtliche Schule'') is a term applied to a group of German Protestant theologians associated with the University of Göttingen in the 1890s. Ideas The ''Religionsgeschichtliche Schule'' used the methodologies of higher criticism, a branch of criticism that investigates the origins of ancient texts in order to understand "the world behind the text." It compared Christianity to other religions, regarding it as one religion among others and rejecting its claims to absolute truth, and demonstrating that it shares characteristics with other religions. It argued that Christianity was not simply the continuation of the Old Testament, but syncretistic, and was rooted in and influenced by Hellenistic Judaism (Philo) and Hellenistic religions like the mystery cults and Gnosticism. Influence The school initiated new areas of research into Biblical history and textual analysis. Members The circle included Bernhard Duhm (1873), Alber ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Religions Of The Ancient Near East
The religions of the ancient Near East were mostly polytheistic, with some examples of monolatry (for example, Yahwism and Atenism). Some scholars believe that the similarities between these religions indicate that the religions are related, a belief known as patternism. Many religions of the ancient near East and their offshoots can be traced to Proto-Semitic religion. Other religions in the ancient Near East include the ancient Egyptian religion, the Luwian and Hittite religions of Asia Minor and the Sumerian religion of ancient Mesopotamia. Offshoots of Proto-Semitic religion include Canaanite religion and Arabian religion. Judaism is a development of Canaanite religion, both Indo-European and Semitic religions influenced the ancient Greek religion, and Zoroastrianism was a product of ancient Indo-Iranian religion primarily the ancient Iranian religion. In turn these religious traditions strongly influenced the later monotheistic religions of Christianity, Mandaeism, Gno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rudolf Bultmann
Rudolf Karl Bultmann (; ; 20 August 1884 – 30 July 1976) was a German Lutheran theologian and professor of the New Testament at the University of Marburg. He was one of the major figures of early 20th-century biblical studies. A prominent critic of liberal theology, Bultmann instead argued for an existentialist interpretation of the New Testament. His hermeneutical approach to the New Testament led him to be a proponent of dialectical theology. Bultmann is known for his belief that the historical analysis of the New Testament is both futile and unnecessary, given that the earliest Christian literature showed little interest in specific locations. Bultmann argued that all that matters is the "thatness," not the "whatness" of Jesus, i.e. only ''that'' Jesus existed, preached, and died by crucifixion matters, not what happened throughout his life. Bultmann relied on demythologization, an approach interpreting the mythological elements in the New Testament existentially. B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Wernle
Paul Wernle (1 May 1872 – 11 April 1939) was a Swiss theologian, born in Hottingen, today part of the city of Zürich. He studied at the Universities of Basel, Berlin and Göttingen. At Basel he was a student of Bernhard Duhm (1847-1928), and in Göttingen was influenced by Wilhelm Bousset (1865-1920). In 1900 he became an associate professor at Basel, where in 1905 he was appointed a full professor of New Testament Studies. During the course of his career he also taught classes in dogmatics and church history. Wernle was a representative of the ''Religionsgeschichtliche Schule'' (history of religions school). His expertise was in the field of New Testament analysis, and he is largely remembered for his work involving Synoptic and Pauline research. He died in Basel. Selected publications * ''Paulus als Heidenmissionar'' (Paul as Missionary to the Gentiles), 1899 * ''Die Anfänge unserer Religion'' (Beginnings of Our Religion), 1901 * ''Die Quellen des Lebens Jesu. Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heinrich Weinel
Heinrich Weinel (28 April 1874, Vonhausen – 29 September 1936, Jena) was a German Protestant theologian. Biography He studied at the universities of Berlin and Giessen, and in 1900 became an inspector of evangelical-theological seminaries in Bonn. From 1904 he was an associate professor at the University of Jena, where in 1907 he became a full professor of New Testament studies. Beginning in 1926 he taught classes in systematic theology at Jena. He was co-founder of the ''Freien Volkskirche'', whose magazine he published from 1919. During his career, he labored for a popularization of liberal Protestant theology. In his numerous works, Weinel wrote on the history and theology of early Christianity from a "history of religions" perspective. Selected works * ''Mašaḥ und seine Derivate; linguistisch-archäologische Studie'', 1898 – Mashaḥ and its derivatives: a linguistic-archaeological study. * ''Die Wirkungen des Geistes und die Geister im nachapostolischen Zeita ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Clemen
Carl Christian Clemen (30 March 1865, near Leipzig – 8 July 1940, Bonn), best known as Carl Clemen, was a German theologian and religious historian. He was a member of the history of religions school. Career Clemen was Professor of New Testament and religious history at the University of Bonn. He was a critic of the Christ myth theory and refuted the arguments of Arthur Drews, Peter Jensen and other mythicists. He was also critical of the ideas of Anthroposophy and Theosophy. Clemen has approximately six hundred publications. His brothers were art historian Paul Clemen and historian Otto Clemen. Selected publications ;Books *''Die religionsgeschichtliche Methode in der Theologie'' (1904) *''Paulus: Sein Leben und Wirken'' (1904)''Religionsgeschichtliche Erklärung des Neuen Testaments''(1909) *''Die entstehung des Johannesevangeliums'' (1912) Case, Shirley Jackson. (1913)''Review: The Johannine Studies of Clemen and B. Weiss'' ''The American Journal of Theology'' 17 (2): 288� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Mirbt
Carl Theodor Mirbt (July 21, 1860 in Gnadenfrei, Province of Silesia – September 27, 1929 in Göttingen) was a German Protestant church historian. He was a member of the history of religions school. Biography Mirbt studied theology from 1880 to 1885 in Halle, Erlangen and Göttingen. During his studies in Göttingen, he was a member of the Thuringia Academic Theological Society. In 1888, he became a member of the Theological Faculty of the University of Göttingen with a doctoral dissertation on "The Position of Augustine in the Gregorian Church Dispute". In 1888, he qualified as a Göttingen professor in church history. In 1889, he was an associate professor of church history at the University of Marburg, and in 1890 a full professor there. He held the office of rector (1903/04). From 1911 until his retirement in 1928, Mirbt was professor of church history at the University of Göttingen, where he served as rector (1920/21). In 1914 Carl Mirbt became an honorary member of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilhelm Heitmüller
Wilhelm Heitmüller (3 August 1869 – 29 January 1926) was a German Protestant theologian, born in Döteberg, presently a division in the town of Seelze. Following completion of theological studies, he attended the minister's seminary at Loccum. In 1902 he received his habilitation at Göttingen, and in 1908 became a professor of New Testament studies at the University of Marburg. Later on, he was appointed professor at the universities of Bonn (1920) and Tübingen (1924). He died, aged 56, in Tübingen. Heitmüller was a prominent member of the ''Religionsgeschichtliche Schule'' (History of religions school). Along with Wilhelm Bousset (1865–1920), he was editor of the journal ''Theologische Rundschau''. Selected writings * ''Im Namen Jesu: eine sprach- und religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zum Neuen Testament, speziell zur altchristlichen Taufe'' ("In the name of Jesus: a language and religious historical inquiry into the New Testament, particularly in regards to C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
