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Hexachloroosmic Acid
Chloroosmic acid (also known as hexachloroosmic acid, and dihydrogen hexachloroosmate) is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula . It exists as a dark hygroscopic solid. It forms a hexahydrate. Synthesis Hexachloroosmic acid can be prepared by reducing osmium tetroxide in hydrochloric acid with alcohol and heating. Ferrous chloride is sometimes used in place of alcohol. : + 4 + 10HCl → + 4 + 4 Another way of preparing it is by dissolving osmium dioxide in hydrochloric acid. It can also be prepared by reducing potassium osmate with hydrochloric acid under heating. Properties Solid crystals of hexachloroosmic acid have been described as reddish-purple in color, while commercial vendors describe it as black. In solution, it exhibits colors ranging from yellowish green to reddish brown. Owing to its highly hygroscopic nature, solutions of hexachloroosmic acid can be evaporated down to a syrup without crystallization. As an acid, it is corrosive. Reactions W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Elements
American Elements is a global manufacturer and distributor of advanced materials with an over 35,000-page online product catalog and compendium of information on the chemical elements, advanced materials, and high technology applications. The company's headquarters and educational programs are based in Los Angeles, California. Its research and production facilities are located in Salt Lake City, Utah; Monterrey, Mexico;China; and Manchester, UK. History American Elements began as a toll chemical manufacturer and refiner serving U.S. mining companies by producing metal-based chemicals from their deposits. In 1998, its two largest customers, the Unocal/Molycorp rare-earth mine in Mountain Pass, California, and the Rhodia rare-earth refinery in Freeport, Texas closed, ending domestic U.S. rare-earth production. In response, the company established mining joint ventures in Inner Mongolia, China and in 1999 became one of the first post-Cold War companies to export rare-earth metals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexachloroplatinic Acid
Chloroplatinic acid (also known as hexachloroplatinic acid) is an inorganic compound with the formula 3Osub>2 tCl6H2O)''x'' (0 ≤ ''x'' ≤ 6). A red solid, it is an important commercial source of platinum, usually as an aqueous solution. Although often written in shorthand as H2PtCl6, it is the hydronium (H3O+) salt of the hexachloroplatinate anion (). Hexachloroplatinic acid is highly hygroscopic. Production Hexachloroplatinic acid may be produced via a variety of methods. The most common of these methods involves dissolution of platinum in aqua regia. Other methods include exposing an aqueous suspension of platinum particles to chlorine gas, or via electrolysis. When produced by the aqua regia route, hexachloroplatinic acid is thought to arise by the following equation: The resulting orange/red solution can be evaporated to produce brownish red crystals. Some authors suggest that hexachloroplatinic acid produced using this method is contaminated with nitrosonium hexac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Hexachloroosmate
Sodium hexachloroosmate is the inorganic compound with the formula . A red solid, it is the disodium salt of the osmium(IV) complex . The anion is an octahedral complex with Os-Cl distance of 2.325(3) Å, as established by X-ray crystallography. The compound can be prepared by reaction of a suspension of osmium metal in molten sodium chloride with chlorine: : Hexachloroosmate is paramagnetic, with a low-spin d4 configuration. Reactions Sodium hexachloroosmate reacts with a solution of ammonium chloride to produce ammonium hexachloroosmate(IV). Upon exposure to strong alkali, hexachloroosmates will decompose to osmium dioxide. They react with excess ammonia to form so-called osmium diammine hydroxide Osmium diammine hydroxide (also known as osmium oxydiammine dihydroxide) is a proposed inorganic chemical compound with the formula . It exists as a brown powder that is insoluble in water. The compound is claimed to be produced by reducing osmi ..., Sodium hexachloroosmate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammonium Hexachloroosmate(IV)
Ammonium hexachloroosmate(IV) is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula . Synthesis Ammonium hexachloroosmate(IV) can be produced by the reduction of osmium tetroxide or potassium osmate with iron dichloride in hydrochloric acid in the presence of ammonium ions: : : + + 2 + + 4 + 2KCl It can also be prepared by addition of an ammonium chloride solution to hexachloroosmic acid, or by addition of ammonium chloride to a solution of sodium hexachloroosmate. Physical properties Ammonium hexachloroosmate(IV) forms dark red crystals of the cubic system, space group ''Fm''3''m'', cell parameters a = 0.9729 nm, Z = 4. It is poorly soluble in cold water. Chemical properties The compound is reduced by hydrogen to metallic osmium: :: :: Similar to sodium hexachloroosmate, ammonium hexachloroosmate decomposes to osmium dioxide when exposed to strong alkali, and reacts with ammonia to produce osmium diammine hydroxide, . Ammonium hexachloroosmate is stable in hydrochl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Compound
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element is therefore not a compound. A compound can be transformed into a different substance by a chemical reaction, which may involve interactions with other substances. In this process, bonds between atoms may be broken or new bonds formed or both. There are four major types of compounds, distinguished by how the constituent atoms are bonded together. Molecular compounds are held together by covalent bonds; ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonds; intermetallic compounds are held together by metallic bonds; coordination complexes are held together by coordinate covalent bonds. Non-stoichiometric compounds form a disputed marginal case. A chemical formula specifies the number of atoms of each element in a compound molecule, usin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygroscopic
Hygroscopy is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules via either absorption (chemistry), absorption or adsorption from the surrounding Natural environment, environment, which is usually at normal or room temperature. If water molecules become suspended among the substance's molecules, adsorbing substances can become physically changed, e.g. changing in volume, boiling point, viscosity or some other physical characteristic or property of the substance. For example, a finely dispersed hygroscopic powder, such as a salt, may become clumpy over time due to collection of moisture from the surrounding environment. ''Deliquescent'' materials are sufficiently hygroscopic that they dissolve in the water they absorb, forming an aqueous solution. Hygroscopy is essential for many plant and animal species' attainment of hydration, nutrition, reproduction and/or seed dispersal. Biological evolution created hygroscopic solutions for water harvesting, filament tensile strength, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osmium Tetroxide
Osmium tetroxide (also osmium(VIII) oxide) is the chemical compound with the formula OsO4. The compound is noteworthy for its many uses, despite its toxicity and the rarity of osmium. It also has a number of unusual properties, one being that the solid is volatile. The compound is colourless, but most samples appear yellow. This is most likely due to the presence of the impurity osmium dioxide (OsO2), which is yellow-brown in colour. In biology, its property of binding to lipids has made it a widely used stain in electron microscopy. Physical properties Osmium(VIII) oxide forms monoclinic crystals. It has a characteristic acrid chlorine-like odor. The element name osmium is derived from ''osme'', Greek for ''odor''. OsO4 is volatile: it sublimes at room temperature. It is soluble in a wide range of organic solvents. It is moderately soluble in water, with which it reacts reversibly to form osmic acid (see below). ''Pure'' osmium(VIII) oxide is probably colourless; it has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungency, pungent smell. It is classified as a acid strength, strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans. Hydrochloric acid is an important laboratory reagent and industrial chemical. Etymology Because it was produced from halite, rock salt according to the methods of Johann Rudolph Glauber, hydrochloric acid was historically called by European alchemists ''spirits of salt'' or ''acidum salis'' (salt acid). Both names are still used, especially in other languages, such as , , , , , , , , , , (''ensan''), zh, 盐酸 (''yánsuān''), and (''yeomsan''). Gaseous HCl was called ''marine acid air''. The name ''muriatic acid'' has the same origin (''muriatic'' means "pertaining to brine or salt", hence ''muriate'' means hydrochloride), and this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferrous Chloride
Iron(II) chloride, also known as ferrous chloride, is the chemical compound of formula FeCl2. It is a paramagnetic solid with a high melting point. The compound is white, but typical samples are often off-white. FeCl2 crystallizes from water as the greenish tetrahydrate, which is the form that is most commonly encountered in commerce and the laboratory. There is also a dihydrate. The compound is highly soluble in water, giving pale green solutions. Production Hydrated forms of ferrous chloride are generated by treatment of wastes from steel production with hydrochloric acid. Such solutions are designated "spent acid," or "pickle liquor" especially when the hydrochloric acid is not completely consumed: :Fe + 2 HCl → FeCl2 + H2 The production of ferric chloride involves the use of ferrous chloride. Ferrous chloride is also a byproduct from the production of titanium, since some titanium ores contain iron.Egon Wildermuth, Hans Stark, Gabriele Friedrich, Franz Ludwig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osmium Dioxide
Osmium dioxide is an inorganic compound with the formula . It exists as brown to black crystalline powder, but single crystals are golden and exhibit metallic conductivity. The compound crystallizes in the rutile structural motif, i.e. the connectivity is very similar to that in the mineral rutile. Preparation can be obtained by the reaction of osmium with a variety of oxidizing agents, including, sodium chlorate, osmium tetroxide, and nitric oxide at about 600 °C. Using chemical transport, one can obtain large crystals of , sized up to 7x5x3 mm3. Single crystals show metallic resistivity of ~15 μΩ cm. A typical transport agent is via the reversible formation of volatile : : It can also be prepared by reduction of an osmate or the tetroxide with alcohol, or by reacting various tetravalent osmium compounds with strong alkali. Reactions Osmium dioxide does not dissolve in water, but it can be dissolved by strong acids such as hydrochloric acid. The crystals have rutil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Osmate
Potassium osmate is the inorganic compound with the formula K2 sO2(OH)4 This diamagnetic purple salt contains osmium in the VI (6+) oxidation state. When dissolved in water a red solution is formed. When dissolved in dilute alcohols, the salt gives a pink solution, and it gives a blue solution when dissolved in methanol. The salt gained attention as a catalyst for the asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins. Structure The complex anion is octahedral. Like related d2 dioxo complexes, the oxo ligands are trans. The Os=O and Os-OH distances are 1.75(2) and 1.99(2) Å, respectively. It is a relatively rare example of a metal oxo complex that obeys the 18e rule. Preparation The compound was first reported by Edmond Frémy in 1844. Potassium osmate is prepared by reducing osmium tetroxide with ethanol: :2 OsO4 + C2H5OH + 5 KOH → CH3CO2K + 2 K2 sO2(OH)4Alkaline oxidative fusion of osmium metal also affords this salt. Reactions Potassium osmate reacts with acids to produc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammonium Hexachloroosmate(IV)
Ammonium hexachloroosmate(IV) is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula . Synthesis Ammonium hexachloroosmate(IV) can be produced by the reduction of osmium tetroxide or potassium osmate with iron dichloride in hydrochloric acid in the presence of ammonium ions: : : + + 2 + + 4 + 2KCl It can also be prepared by addition of an ammonium chloride solution to hexachloroosmic acid, or by addition of ammonium chloride to a solution of sodium hexachloroosmate. Physical properties Ammonium hexachloroosmate(IV) forms dark red crystals of the cubic system, space group ''Fm''3''m'', cell parameters a = 0.9729 nm, Z = 4. It is poorly soluble in cold water. Chemical properties The compound is reduced by hydrogen to metallic osmium: :: :: Similar to sodium hexachloroosmate, ammonium hexachloroosmate decomposes to osmium dioxide when exposed to strong alkali, and reacts with ammonia to produce osmium diammine hydroxide, . Ammonium hexachloroosmate is stable in hydrochl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
