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Hexaaquo Complex
In chemistry, metal aquo complexes are coordination compounds containing metal ions with only water as a ligand. These complexes are the predominant species in aqueous solutions of many metal salts, such as metal nitrates, sulfates, and perchlorates. They have the general stoichiometry . Their behavior underpins many aspects of environmental, biological, and industrial chemistry. This article focuses on complexes where water is the only ligand (" homoleptic aquo complexes"), but of course many complexes are known to consist of a mix of aquo and other ligands. Stoichiometry and structure Hexa-aquo complexes Most aquo complexes are mono-nuclear, with the general formula , with or 3; they have an octahedral structure. The water molecules function as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the metal ion and forming a dative covalent bond with it. Typical examples are listed in the following table. Tutton's salts are crystalline compounds with the generic formula (where , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and chemical compound, compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during chemical reaction, reactions with other chemical substance, substances. Chemistry also addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds. In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology. It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both Basic research, basic and Applied science, applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level. For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant growth (botany), the formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are degraded (ecology), the prop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Octahedral Molecular Geometry
In chemistry, octahedral molecular geometry, also called square bipyramidal, describes the shape of compounds with six atoms or groups of atoms or ligands symmetrically arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of an octahedron. The octahedron has eight faces, hence the prefix '' octa''. The octahedron is one of the Platonic solids, although octahedral molecules typically have an atom in their centre and no bonds between the ligand atoms. A perfect octahedron belongs to the point group Oh. Examples of octahedral compounds are sulfur hexafluoride SF6 and molybdenum hexacarbonyl Mo(CO)6. The term "octahedral" is used somewhat loosely by chemists, focusing on the geometry of the bonds to the central atom and not considering differences among the ligands themselves. For example, , which is not octahedral in the mathematical sense due to the orientation of the bonds, is referred to as octahedral. The concept of octahedral coordination geometry was developed by Alfred ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Copper(II) Sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It forms hydrates , where ''n'' can range from 1 to 7. The pentahydrate (''n'' = 5), a bright blue crystal, is the most commonly encountered hydrate of copper(II) sulfate, while its anhydrous form is white. Older names for the pentahydrate include blue vitriol, bluestone, vitriol of copper,Antoine-François de Fourcroy, tr. by Robert Heron (1796) "Elements of Chemistry, and Natural History: To which is Prefixed the Philosophy of Chemistry". J. Murray and others, Edinburgh. Page 348. and Roman vitriol.Oxford University Press,Roman vitriol, Oxford Living Dictionaries. Accessed on 2016-11-13 It exothermically dissolves in water to give the aquo complex , which has octahedral molecular geometry. The structure of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric structure wherein copper is again octahedral but bound to four water ligands. The centers are interconnected by sulfate anions to form chains. Preparation and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nickel(II) Sulfate
Nickel(II) sulfate, or just nickel sulfate, usually refers to the inorganic compound with the formula NiSO4(H2O)6. This highly soluble turquoise coloured salt is a common source of the Ni2+ ion for electroplating. Approximately 40,000 tonnes were produced in 2005.K. Lascelles, L. G. Morgan, D. Nicholls, D. Beyersmann “Nickel Compounds” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. Vol. A17 p. 235 . Structures At least seven sulfate salts of nickel(II) are known. These salts differ in terms of their hydration or crystal habit. The common tetragonal hexahydrate crystallizes from aqueous solution between 30.7 and 53.8 °C. Below these temperatures, a heptahydrate crystallises, and above these temperatures an orthorhombic hexahydrate forms. The yellow anhydrous form, NiSO4, crystallizes in orthorhombic crystal system and in standard pressure decomposes to NiO in temperatures above 640 °C, before reaching the melting point. It melts only ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cobalt(II) Sulfate
Cobalt(II) sulfate is any of the inorganic compounds with the formula CoSO4(H2O)x. Usually cobalt sulfate refers to the hexa- or heptahydrates CoSO4.6H2O or CoSO4.7H2O, respectively. The heptahydrate is a red solid that is soluble in water and methanol. Since cobalt(II) has an odd number of electrons, its salts are paramagnetic. Preparation, and structure It forms by the reaction of metallic cobalt, its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with aqueous sulfuric acid: : : The heptahydrate is only stable at humidity >70% at room temperature, otherwise it converts to the hexahydrate. The hexahydrate converts to the monohydrate and the anhydrous forms at 100 and 250 °C, respectively. : : : The hexahydrate is a metal aquo complex consisting of octahedral o(H2O)6sup>2+ ions associated with sulfate anions (see image in table). The monoclinic heptahydrate has also been characterized by X-ray crystallography. It also features o(H2O)6sup>2+ octahedra as well as one water of crystalliz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron(III) Sulfate
Iron(III) sulfate or ferric sulfate (British English: sulphate instead of sulfate) is a family of inorganic compounds with the formula Fe2(SO4)3(H2O)n. A variety of hydrates are known, including the most commonly encountered form of "ferric sulfate". Solutions are used in dyeing as a mordant, and as a coagulant for industrial wastes. Solutions of ferric sulfate are also used in the processing of aluminum and steel. Speciation The various crystalline forms of Fe2(SO4)3(H2O)n are well-defined, often by X-ray crystallography. The nature of the aqueous solutions is often less certain, but aquo-hydroxo complexes such as e(H2O)6sup>3+ and e(H2O)5(OH)sup>2+ are often assumed. Regardless, all such solids and solutions feature ferric ions, each with five unpaired electrons. By virtue of this high spin d5 electronic configuration, these ions are paramagnetic and are weak chromophores. Production Ferric sulfate solutions are usually generated from iron wastes. The actual identity ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron(II) Sulfate
Iron(II) sulfate or ferrous sulfate (British English: sulphate instead of sulfate) denotes a range of salts with the formula Fe SO4·''x''H2O. These compounds exist most commonly as the heptahydrate (''x'' = 7), but several values for x are known. The hydrated form is used medically to treat or prevent iron deficiency, and also for industrial applications. Known since ancient times as copperas and as green vitriol ( vitriol is an archaic name for hydrated sulfate minerals), the blue-green heptahydrate ( hydrate with 7 molecules of water) is the most common form of this material. All the iron(II) sulfates dissolve in water to give the same aquo complex e(H2O)6sup>2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry and is paramagnetic. The name copperas dates from times when the copper(II) sulfate was known as blue copperas, and perhaps in analogy, iron(II) and zinc sulfate were known respectively as green and white copperas. It is on the World Health Organization's List o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manganese(II) Sulfate
Manganese(II) sulfate usually refers to the inorganic compound with the Chemical formula, formula MnSO4·H2O. This pale pink deliquescent solid is a commercially significant manganese(II) salt. Approximately 260,000 tonnes of manganese(II) sulfate were produced worldwide in 2005. It is the precursor to manganese metal and many other chemical compounds. Manganese-deficient soil is remediated with this salt (chemistry), salt. Structure Like many metal sulfates, manganese sulfate forms a variety of Water of hydration, hydrates: monohydrate, tetrahydrate, pentahydrate, and heptahydrate. All of these salts dissolve in water to give faintly pink solutions of the Metal aquo complex, aquo complex [Mn(H2O)6]2+. The structure of MnSO4·H2O has been determined by X-ray crystallography (see figure). The tetrahydrate also features Mn(II) in an O6 coordination sphere provided by bridging two sulfate anions and four aquo ligands. Applications and production Typically, :Manganese minerals, mang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromium(III) Sulfate
Chromium(III) sulfate usually refers to the inorganic compounds with the formula Cr2(SO4)3.x(H2O), where x can range from 0 to 18. Additionally, ill-defined but commercially important "basic chromium sulfates" are known. These salts are usually either violet or green solids that are soluble in water. It is commonly used in tanning leather. Chromium(III) sulfates Three chromium(III) sulfates are well characterized: *Anhydrous chromium(III) sulfate, Cr2(SO4)3, (CAS #10101-53-8) is a violet solid that dissolves in water upon addition of a reducing agent. *Hydrated chromium(III) sulfate, Cr2(SO4)3·18H2O, (CAS #13520-66-6) is a violet solid that readily dissolves in water to give the metal aquo complex, r(H2O)6sup>3+. The formula of this compound can be written more descriptively as r(H2O)6sub>2(SO4)3·6H2O. Six of the eighteen water molecules in this formula unit are water of crystallization. *Hydrated chromium(III) sulfate, Cr2(SO4)3·15(H2O), (CAS #10031-37-5) is a green solid th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chromium(II) Sulfate
Chromium(II) sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It often comes as hydrates . Several hydrated salts are known. The pentahydrate is a blue solid that dissolves readily in water. Solutions of chromium(II) are easily oxidized by air to Cr(III) species. Solutions of Cr(II) are used as specialized reducing agents of value in organic synthesis.A. Zurqiyah and C. E. Castro "Reduction of Conjugated Alkenes With Chromium(II) Sulfate: Diethyl Succinate" Organic Syntheses, Vol. 49, p.98 (1969). The salt is produced by treating chromium metal with aqueous sulfuric acid: : It can be produced through the reaction of sulfate salts and chromium(II) acetate Chromium(II) acetate hydrate, also known as chromous acetate, is the coordination compound with the chemical formula, formula Cr2(CH3CO2)4(H2O)2. This formula is commonly abbreviated Cr2(OAc)4(H2O)2. This red-coloured compound features a quadruple ... or, for in situ use, the reduction of chromium(III) sulfate wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vanadium(III) Sulfate
Vanadium(III) sulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula V2(SO4)3. It is a pale yellow solid that is stable to air, in contrast to most vanadium(III) compounds. It slowly dissolves in water to give the green aquo complex (H2O)6sup>3+. The compound is prepared by treating V2O5 in sulfuric acid with elemental sulfur: : This transformation is a rare example of a reduction by elemental sulfur. When heated in vacuum at or slightly below 410 °C, it decomposes into vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4) and SO2. Vanadium(III) sulfate is stable in dry air but upon exposure to moist air for several weeks forms a green hydrate form. Vanadium(III) sulfate is a reducing agent In chemistry, a reducing agent (also known as a reductant, reducer, or electron donor) is a chemical species that "donates" an electron to an (called the , , , or ). Examples of substances that are common reducing agents include hydrogen, carbon .... References Vanadium(III) compounds Sulfates {{in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inorganic Chemistry (journal)
''Inorganic Chemistry'' is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society since 1962. It covers research in all areas of inorganic chemistry. The current editor-in-chief is Stefanie Dehnen ( Karlsruhe Institute of Technology). Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2022 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 4.6. See also * '' Organometallics'' References External links * American Chemical Society academic journals Biweekly journals Academic journals established in 1962 English-language journals Inorganic chemistry journals {{chem-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
