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Hard Landing
A hard landing occurs when an aircraft or spacecraft hits the ground with a greater vertical speed and force than in a normal landing. The terms ''hard landing'' and ''firm landing'' are often confused though are inherently different. A hard landing is never intended and if an aircraft has had a hard landing, it must be inspected for damage before its next flight. In contrast, depending on aircraft type (e.g. Boeing 737) and/or environmental conditions (e.g. gusty or crosswind conditions, wet runway, etc.) a firm landing is intended and even demanded by the aircraft manual. Landing is the final phase in flight, in which the aircraft returns to the ground. The average vertical speed in a landing is around ; any greater vertical speed should be classed by crew as ''hard''. Crew judgment is most reliable to determine hard landing, as determination based on recorded acceleration value is difficult and not advisable, partially because there is no recording of true vertical accelera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boeing 737-800 (EI-DYY) Of Ryanair Lands At Bristol Airport, England 15Aug2016 Arp
The Boeing 737 Next Generation, commonly abbreviated as 737NG, or 737 Next Gen, is a twin-engine narrow-body aircraft produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Launched in 1993 as the third-generation derivative of the Boeing 737, it has been produced since 1997. The 737NG is an upgrade of the 737 Classic (–300/–400/–500) series. Compared to the 737 Classic, it has a redesigned wing with a larger area, a wider wingspan, greater fuel capacity, and higher maximum takeoff weights (MTOW) and longer range. It has CFM International CFM56-7 series engines, a glass cockpit, and upgraded and redesigned interior configurations. The series includes four variants, the –600/–700/–800/–900, seating between 108 and 215 passengers. The 737NG's primary competition is the Airbus A320 family. , a total of 7,126 737NG aircraft had been ordered, of which 7,116 had been delivered, with remaining orders for two -700, two -800, and 7 -800A variants. The most-ordered variant is the 737- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
All Nippon Airways
(ANA) is a Japanese airline headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. ANA operates services to both domestic and international destinations and is Japan's largest airline, ahead of its main rival flag carrier Japan Airlines. the airline has approximately 12,800 employees. The airline joined as a Star Alliance member in October 1999. In addition to its mainline operations, ANA controls several subsidiary passenger carriers, such as its regional airline ANA Wings, Air Nippon, Air Do (a low-cost carrier operating scheduled service between Tokyo and cities in Hokkaido), Air Japan and ANA & JP Express, Allex Cargo (ANA Cargo – the freighter division operated by Air Japan). ANA is also the wholly-owned shareholder in Peach (airline), Peach, a low-cost carrier joint venture with Hong Kong company First Eastern Investment Group. History Formation ANA's earliest ancestor was (also known as Nippon Helicopter and Aeroplane), an airline company founded on 27 December 1952. Nippon Helicop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Index Of Aviation Articles
Aviation is the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavier-than-air aircraft. Articles related to aviation include: A Aviation accidents and incidents – Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL) – ADF – Accessory drive – Advance airfield – Advanced air mobility – Advanced technology engine – Adverse yaw – Aerial ramming – Aerial reconnaissance – Aerobatics – Aerodrome – Aerodrome mapping database (AMDB) – Aerodynamics – Aerofoil – Aerodrome beacon – Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) – Aeronautical chart – Aeronautical Message Handling System – Aeronautical phraseology – Aeronautics – Aeronaval – Aerospace – Aerospace engineering – Afterburner – Agile Combat Employment (ACE) – Aileron – Air charter – Air defense identification zone (ADIZ) – Air freight terminal – Air traffic flow management – Air-augmented rocket – Airband – Airbase (AFB) – Airborne colli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithobraking
Lithobraking is a term used by spacecraft engineers to refer to a spacecraft reducing its velocity by impacting the surface of a planet or moon.McDowell, Jonathan (2020)"Lithobraking" ''Astronautical Glossary''. Retrieved May 16, 2022. Originally coined as whimsical euphemism for a " crash landing", it is now also used when the collision is deliberate. The word was coined by analogy with "aerobraking", slowing a spacecraft by intersecting the atmosphere, with "lithos" ( [], "rock") substituted to indicate the spacecraft is intersecting the planet's solid lithosphere rather than merely its gaseous atmosphere. According to Jonathan McDowell, "Lithobraking reduces the apoapsis height to zero instantly, but with the unfortunate side effect that the spacecraft does not survive. Originally a whimsical euphemism, but increasingly a standard term." The term Lithobraking has been popularised by the video game ''Kerbal Space Program'' as a euphemism for spacecraft crashes. End-of-mission ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impactor (spacecraft)
A lander is a spacecraft that descends towards, then comes to rest on the surface of an astronomical body other than Earth. In contrast to an impact probe, which makes a hard landing that damages or destroys the probe upon reaching the surface, a lander makes a soft landing (rocketry), soft landing after which the probe remains functional. For bodies with Celestial body atmosphere, atmospheres, the landing occurs after atmospheric reentry, atmospheric entry. In these cases, landers may employ Parachute, parachutes to slow them down enough to maintain a low terminal velocity. In some cases, small landing rockets will be fired just before impact in order to reduce the lander's velocity. Landing may be accomplished by Spacecraft attitude control, controlled descent and set down on Spacecraft lander landing gear, landing gear, with the possible addition of a post-landing attachment mechanism (such as the mechanism used by ''Philae (spacecraft), Philae'') for celestial bodies with lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impact (mechanics)
In mechanics, an impact is when two bodies Collision, collide. During this collision, both bodies decelerate. The deceleration causes a high force or Shock (mechanics), shock, applied over a short time period. A high force, over a short duration, usually causes more damage to both bodies than a lower force applied over a proportionally longer duration. At normal speeds, during a perfectly inelastic collision, an object struck by a projectile will Deformation (engineering), deform, and this deformation will absorb most or all of the force of the collision. Viewed from a conservation of energy perspective, the kinetic energy of the projectile is changed into heat and sound energy, as a result of the deformations and vibrations induced in the struck object. However, these deformations and vibrations cannot occur instantaneously. A high-velocity collision (an impact) does not provide sufficient time for these deformations and vibrations to occur. Thus, the struck material behaves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rocket Stage
A multistage rocket or step rocket is a launch vehicle that uses two or more rocket ''stages'', each of which contains its own engines and propellant. A ''tandem'' or ''serial'' stage is mounted on top of another stage; a ''parallel'' stage is attached alongside another stage. The result is effectively two or more rockets stacked on top of or attached next to each other. Two-stage rockets are quite common, but rockets with as many as five separate stages have been successfully launched. By jettisoning stages when they run out of propellant, the mass of the remaining rocket is decreased. Each successive stage can also be optimized for its specific operating conditions, such as decreased atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes. This ''staging'' allows the thrust of the remaining stages to more easily accelerate the rocket to its final velocity and height. In serial or tandem staging schemes, the first stage is at the bottom and is usually the largest, the second stage and subse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lift (force)
When a fluid flows around an object, the fluid exerts a force on the object. Lift is the Euclidean_vector#Decomposition_or_resolution, component of this force that is perpendicular to the oncoming flow direction. It contrasts with the drag (physics), drag force, which is the component of the force parallel to the flow direction. Lift conventionally acts in an upward direction in order to counter the force of gravity, but it is defined to act perpendicular to the flow and therefore can act in any direction. If the surrounding fluid is air, the force is called an aerodynamic force. In water or any other liquid, it is called a Fluid dynamics, hydrodynamic force. Dynamic lift is distinguished from other kinds of lift in fluids. Aerostatics, Aerostatic lift or buoyancy, in which an internal fluid is lighter than the surrounding fluid, does not require movement and is used by balloons, blimps, dirigibles, boats, and submarines. Planing (boat), Planing lift, in which only the lower po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autorotation (helicopter)
Autorotation is a state of flight in which the Helicopter rotor, main rotor system of a helicopter or other rotary-wing aircraft turns by the action of air moving up through the rotor, as with an autogyro, rather than engine power driving the rotor.Igor Bensen, Bensen, Igor.How they fly – Bensen explains all" ''Gyrocopters UK''. Accessed: 10 April 2014. Quote: "air.. (is) deflected downward"Charnov, Bruce HCierva, Pitcairn and the Legacy of Rotary-Wing Flight ''Hofstra University''. Accessed: 22 November 2011. The term ''autorotation'' dates to a period of early helicopter development between 1915 and 1920, and refers to the rotors turning without the engine."Autorotation", ''Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)''. Random House, Inc. 17 April 2007 It is analo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helicopter
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which Lift (force), lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally spinning Helicopter rotor, rotors. This allows the helicopter to VTOL, take off and land vertically, to hover (helicopter), hover, and to fly forward, backward and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and many forms of short take-off and landing (STOL) or short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft cannot perform without a runway. The Focke-Wulf Fw 61 was the first successful, practical, and fully controllable helicopter in 1936, while in 1942, the Sikorsky R-4 became the first helicopter to reach full-scale mass production, production. Starting in 1939 and through 1943, Igor Sikorsky worked on the development of the Vought-Sikorsky VS-300, VS-300, which over four iterations, became the basis for modern helicopters with a single main rotor and a single tail rotor. Although most earlier ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melbourne Airport
Melbourne Airport , known locally as Tullamarine Airport, is an international airport serving Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Operating 24/7 service, 24 hours a day with on-site parking, shopping and dining, Melbourne Airport is the List of the busiest airports in Australia, second-busiest airport in Australia measured by passenger movements. Established in 1970, replacing Essendon Airport, Melbourne Airport is the main and sole international airport serving Victoria (state), Victoria. The airport comprises four terminals: one international terminal, two domestic terminals and one budget domestic terminal. It is northwest of the Melbourne central business district, city centre, adjacent to the suburb of Tullamarine, Victoria, Tullamarine. The airport has its own suburb with its own postcode — Melbourne Airport, Victoria, 3045 respectively. The facility presently covers 2,741 hectares (6,773 acres) of airport property, making MEL among the largest airports in Australia in ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malaysia Airlines
Malaysia Airlines ( Malay: ''Penerbangan Malaysia'') is the flag carrier of Malaysia, headquartered at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. The airline flies to destinations across Europe, Oceania and Asia from its main hub at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. It was formerly known as Malaysian Airline System ( Malay: ). Malaysia Airlines is a part of Malaysia Aviation Group, which also owns two subsidiary airlines: Firefly and MASwings. Malaysia Airlines also owns a freighter division: MASkargo and the religious charter subsidiary, Amal. Malaysia Airlines traces its history to Malayan Airways Limited, which was founded in Singapore in the 1930s and flew its first commercial flight in 1947. It was then renamed as Malaysian Airways after the formation of the independent country, Malaysia, in 1963. In 1966, after the separation of Singapore, the airline was renamed Malaysia–Singapore Airlines (MSA), before its assets were divided in 1972 to permanently form two separa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
