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Hadrosauriform
Ankylopollexia is an extinct clade of ornithischian dinosaurs that lived from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. It is a derived clade of iguanodontian ornithopods and contains the subgroup Styracosterna. The name stems from the Greek word, “ankylos”, mistakenly taken to mean stiff, fused (in fact the adjective means bent or curved; used of fingers, it can mean hooked), and the Latin word, “pollex”, meaning thumb. Originally described in 1986 by Sereno, a most likely synapomorphic feature of a conical thumb spine defines the clade.Sereno, P.C. (1986). "Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (order Ornithischia)". National Geographic Research 2 (2): 234–56 First appearing around 156 million years ago, in the Jurassic, Ankylopollexia became an extremely successful and widespread clade during the Cretaceous, and were found around the world. The group died out at the end of the Maastrichtian. They grew to be quite large, comparable to some carnivorous dinosaurs and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Bayannurosaurus
''Bayannurosaurus'' is a non-hadrosauriform ankylopollexian ornithopod described in 2018 by Xu Xing. It lived during the early Aptian period, being found in the Bayin-Gobi Formation of China. The genus includes the type species ''Bayannurosaurus perfectus''. A phylogenetic analysis of ''Bayannurosaurus'' indicates that it is more derived than ''Hypselospinus'', yet less derived than ''Ouranosaurus'' and just outside of the Hadrosauriformes. It was a large iguanodontian, measuring up to in total body length. The genus name ''Bayannurosaurus'' comes from Bayannur, the area where it was found, while the species name ''perfectus'' comes from the "perfect" preservation of the holotype specimen (IMMNH PV00001). Discovery and naming In the summer of 2013 a joint expedition of the Long Hao Institute of Geology and Paleontology and the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology explored the Chulumiao locality of Bayannur, China. This locality is at the middle of the upp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Lurdusaurus
''Lurdusaurus'' ("heavy lizard") is a genus of massive and unusually shaped iguanodont dinosaur from the Elrhaz Formation in Niger. It contains one species, ''L. arenatus''. The formation dates to the Early Cretaceous, roughly 112 million years ago. ''Lurdusaurus'' has a highly atypical body plan for an iguanodont, with a small skull, long neck, rotund torso, and powerful forelimbs and claws, somewhat reminiscent of a ground sloth. Its metacarpals (wrist bones) are fused and reinforced into a large block, and the thumb spike is remarkably enormous. These would have allowed the hand to have functioned almost like a ball-and-chain flail. ''Lurdusaurus'' is estimated to have been long and high when on all-fours, but its stomach would have been only off the ground. It may have weighed , conspicuously heavy for an iguanodontid this size. Paleontologist Thomas R. Holtz Jr. speculated ''Lurdusaurus'' may have behaved much like a hippo. It lived in a forested, riverine environment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Cumnoria
''Cumnoria'' is a genus of herbivorous iguanodontian dinosaur. It was a basal iguanodontian that lived during the Late Jurassic period (Kimmeridgian age) in what is now Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. Description The holotype of ''Cumnoria'' is a rather small bipedal animal with a slender build, about 3.5 metres (11.4 feet) long. The specimen is a juvenile due to the general lack of fusion among all of its vertebrae and ribs. It can be distinguished from all other iguanodontians by the presence of a prominent ridge on the sternal process of the coracoid and an oval muscle scar on the front of the deltopectoral crest of the humerus. Uniquely among non-hadrosauriforms, the ventral and dorsal margins of the scapula only moderately diverge from each other, and there is no defined cingulum on the dentary teeth. History of discovery ''Cumnoria'' is known from the holotype OXFUM J.3303, a partial skull and postcranium, recovered from the lower Kimmeridge Clay Formation, in the Chaw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Owenodon
''Owenodon'' is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur known from a partial dentary, lower jaw discovered in Early Cretaceous-age rocks of Dorset, United Kingdom, and possibly also Romania and Spain. The first and only definitive specimen was found in the Lulworth Formation of the Purbeck Limestone Group, dating to the middle Berriasian stage. It was first described by Richard Owen as a species ''Iguanodon'', ''I. hoggii'', honouring naturalist A.J. Hogg who had originally collected the fossil. Owen described the mandible as it was, partially embedded in a limestone block, but it was given to the Natural History Museum, London where it was accessioned as NHMUK PV R 2998 and further prepared. Some damage occurred to a tooth crown and part of the bone while stored in the collections. Redescription of ''I. hoggii'' by David Norman and Paul Barrett subsequently transferred the species to ''Camptosaurus'' in 2002, as well as tentatively referring other camptosaur-like material from the Pur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Tethyshadros
''Tethyshadros'' ("Tethys Ocean, Tethyan hadrosauroid") is a genus of Hadrosauroidea, hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Calcare di Aurisina (previously thought to come from the younger Liburnia Formation) of Trieste, Italy. The type and only species is ''T. insularis''. Discovery and naming Sometime in the 1980s, Alceo Tarlao and Giorgio Rimoli reported finding fragments of dinosaur bone while prospecting for rare bones. The abandoned quarry these were found in was only 100m inland, at Villagio del Pescatore, Trieste Province, Italy. It was from this quarry that a nearly complete hadrosaur skeleton was discovered in 1994. Lying on a vertical rockface, the specimen required a difficult excavation process, involving the removal of over 300 cubic metres of mineral and use of large equipment. Palaeontologist Fabio Della Vacchia among others served as scientific director for the excavation. Many other fossils, including various other hadrosaur specimens, were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Lanzhousaurus
''Lanzhousaurus'' (meaning "Lanzhou lizard") is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur. ''Lanzhousaurus'' lived in the Gansu region of what is now China during the Early Cretaceous (Barremian). A partial skeleton has been recovered from the Hekou Group. It was described by You, Ji and Li in 2005 and the type and only species is ''Lanzhousaurus magnidens''. It has been estimated to be about 10 meters (33 feet) in length and 6 tonnes (6.6 short tons) in weight. Dentition The genus has been described as having "astonishingly huge teeth", among the largest for any herbivorous creature ever, which indicate it was a styracosternan iguanodont. The mandible, longer than one meter, suggests a very large size for the animal. Tooth enamel of this dinosaur was growing very rapidly. Celina A. Suarez, Hai-Lu You, Marina B. Suarez, Da-Qing Li & J. B. Trieschmann (2017). Stable Isotopes Reveal Rapid Enamel Elongation (Amelogenesis) Rates for the Early Cretaceous Iguanodontian Dinosaur ''Lanzhousaurus m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Late Jurassic
The Late Jurassic is the third Epoch (geology), epoch of the Jurassic Period, and it spans the geologic time scale, geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 143.1 ± 0.8 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic stratum, strata.Owen 1987. In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, ''Malm'' was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units. Subdivisions The Late Jurassic is divided into three ages, which correspond with the three (faunal) stages of Upper Jurassic rock: Paleogeography During the Late Jurassic Epoch, Pangaea broke up into two supercontinents, Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south. The result of this break-up was the emergence of the Atlantic Ocean, which initially was relatively narrow. Life forms This epoch is well known for many famous types of d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Cedrorestes
''Cedrorestes'' is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah. It is based on an incomplete skeleton which was found in the Valanginian-age Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation. Discovery and history ''Cedrorestes'' is based on DMNH 47994, a partial skeleton including rib fragments, a sacrum, the left ilium and a portion of the right, a right thighbone, the right third metatarsal, and fragments of ossified tendons. These remains were in 2001 recovered from near the top of the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, in east-central Utah. They were found scattered in a calcareous mudstone, and showed evidence of pre-burial damage, from weathering or trampling. This genus can be told apart from other iguanodontian ornithopods by its combination of a tall ilium, as is present in ''Iguanodon''-like ornithopods, with a large lateral bony process above and behind the acetabulum and joint surface for the ischium, as is seen in hadrosaur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Dakotadon
''Dakotadon'' (meaning "Dakota tooth") is a genus of iguanodont dinosaur from the Barremian-age Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation of South Dakota, USA, known from a partial skull. It was first described in 1989 as '' Iguanodon lakotaensis'', by David B. Weishampel and Philip R. Bjork. Its assignment has been controversial. Some researchers suggest that ''"I." lakotaensis'' was more basal than ''I. bernissartensis'', and related to '' Theiophytalia'', but David Norman has suggested that it was a synonym of ''I. bernissartensis''. Gregory S. Paul, working on a revision of iguanodont species, gave "I." ''lakotaensis'' its own genus (''Dakotadon'') in 2008. He measured its length at and body mass at . History and naming In November 1985, a partial and associated skeleton was brought to the attention of South Dakota School of Mines and Technology professor emeritus John Willard. The material had been found earlier by Louis Rossow, who collected geological specimens from outcrops ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Emiliasaura
''Emiliasaura'' (meaning "Emilia's lizard") is an extinct genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) Mulichinco Formation of Neuquén Province, Argentina. The genus contains a single species, ''Emiliasaura alessandrii'', known from three individual specimens. ''Emiliasaura'' was initially described as a rhabdodontomorph. If this identification is correct, it would represent the oldest member of this clade and the first named from South America. However, a later analysis of rhabdodontomorphs failed to recover ''Emiliasaura'' within this clade, instead placing it as a styracosternan. Discovery and naming During the summer of 2009, Carlos Alessandri discovered productive outcrops of the Mulichinco Formation (Paraje Pilmatué locality) northeast of the city of Las Lajas in Neuquén Province, Argentina. The partial skeleton of a medium-sized ornithopod was collected in March of that year, comprising part of the left and , the left , an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Hypselospinus
''Hypselospinus'' is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur which was first described as a species of ''Iguanodon'' (''I. fittoni'') by Richard Lydekker in 1889, the specific name (zoology), specific name honouring William Henry Fitton. History and naming In the 1880s, the Natural History Museum, London, purchased multiple collections of fossils discovered by Charles Dawson from the region Hastings. Among these collections of specimens were multiple individuals identified as species of ''Iguanodon'' by British palaeontologist Richard Lydekker, from the Early Cretaceous Wadhurst Clay Formation. The first of these specimens, NHMUK R.1635, was found in Shornden Quarry over distance of , and includes a partial and believed to be from a single individual. As the specimen was smaller than and younger than the similar and nearby species ''Iguanodon dawsoni'' and the pelvis showed some differences, Lydekker chose to name the new species ''Iguanodon fittoni'' in 1889 in paleontology, 1889, wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Fukuisaurus
''Fukuisaurus'' (meaning " Fukui (Fortunate) lizard") is a genus of herbivorous ornithopod dinosaur that lived during the Early Cretaceous in what is now Japan. The type species is ''F. tetoriensis'', which was named and described in 2003. Discovery and naming Remains of ''Fukuisaurus'' were discovered in 1989, in Katsuyama, Fukui Prefecture, in rocks from the Kitadani Formation, dating to the Barremian. The type species, ''Fukuisaurus tetoriensis'', was described in 2003 by Yoshitsugu Kobayashi and Yoichi Azuma. The genus name refers to Fukui; the specific name to the geological Tetori Group. The type specimens or cotypes are FPDM-V-40-1, a right maxilla, and FPDM-V-40-2, a right jugal. Further elements of a skull and a right sternal plate had been recovered.Kobayashi, Y. and Azuma, Y. (2003). "A new iguanodontian (Dinosauria; Ornithopoda), form the lower Cretaceous Kitadani Formation of Fukui Prefecture, Japan". ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' 23(1): 166-175 Since 2003 m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
