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Ground Effect (cars)
In car design, ground effect is a series of effects which have been exploited in automotive aerodynamics to create downforce, particularly in racing cars. This has been the successor to the earlier dominant aerodynamic focus on streamlining. The international Formula One series and American racing IndyCars employ ground effects in their engineering and designs. Similarly, they are also employed in other racing series to some extent; however, across Europe, many series employ regulations (or complete bans) to limit its effectiveness on safety grounds. Theory In racing cars, a designer's aim is for increased downforce and grip to achieve higher cornering speeds. A substantial amount of downforce is available by understanding the ground to be part of the aerodynamic system in question, hence the name "ground effect". Starting in the mid-1960s, 'wings' were routinely used in the design of race cars to increase downforce (which is not a type of ground effect). Designers shifted their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Automotive Aerodynamics
Automotive aerodynamics is the study of the aerodynamics of road vehicles. Its main goals are reducing drag (physics), drag and wind noise, minimizing roadway noise, noise emission, and preventing undesired lift (force), lift forces and other causes of Oversteer#Aerodynamic stability, aerodynamic instability at high speeds. Air is also considered a fluid in this case. For some classes of racing vehicles, it may also be important to produce downforce to improve traction and thus cornering abilities. History The frictional force of aerodynamic drag increases significantly with vehicle speed. As early as the 1920s engineers began to consider automobile shape in reducing aerodynamic drag at higher speeds. By the 1950s German and British automotive engineers were systematically analyzing the effects of automotive drag for the higher performance vehicles. By the late 1960s scientists also became aware of the significant increase in sound levels emitted by automobiles at high speed. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chaparral 2J
The Chaparral 2J is a sports prototype race car, designed and developed by Jim Hall and Hap Sharp, and built by American manufacturer Chaparral. It conformed to Group 7 regulations and competed in the 1970 Can-Am Championship series. It is an early example of a ground effect racing car. Overview The 2J was the most unusual Chaparral. On the chassis' sides bottom edges were articulated plastic skirts that sealed against the ground (a technology that would later appear in Formula One). Two fans adapted from a military tank engine were housed at the rear, driven by a single two-stroke twin-cylinder engine. The car had a "skirt" made of Lexan extending to the ground on both sides, laterally on the back of the car, and laterally from just aft of the front wheels. It was integrated with the suspension system so the bottom of the skirt would maintain a distance of one inch from the ground regardless of g-forces or anomalies in the road surface. The skirting produced a zone within whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catesby Tunnel
Catesby Tunnel is a disused railway tunnel in Northamptonshire on the route of the former Great Central Main Line. Its northern portal is about south of Catesby Viaduct and west of Upper Catesby, with the tunnel ending at Charwelton to the south. In terms of both length and gauge, Catesby Tunnel is unusually large, at wide, high, and long. The tunnel was completed in 1897, and was closed in 1966 when the line was made redundant by British Rail. After lying abandoned and flooded for over 50 years, proposals were granted in 2017 for the conversion of the wide, straight tunnel into an aerodynamic test facility for road and race cars. Description The tunnel, its portals and air shafts are all lined and faced with hard Staffordshire blue brick and a total of about 30 million bricks were used. The tunnel has five air shafts; four are in Catesby parish and each has a diameter of . The fifth is in the neighbouring parish of Hellidon, and has a diameter of for greater airflow. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
England
England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It shares Anglo-Scottish border, a land border with Scotland to the north and England–Wales border, another land border with Wales to the west, and is otherwise surrounded by the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south, the Celtic Sea to the south-west, and the Irish Sea to the west. Continental Europe lies to the south-east, and Ireland to the west. At the 2021 United Kingdom census, 2021 census, the population was 56,490,048. London is both List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, the largest city and the Capital city, capital. The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Paleolithic. It takes its name from the Angles (tribe), Angles, a Germanic peoples, Germanic tribe who settled du ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goodwood Festival Of Speed
The Goodwood Festival of Speed is an annual motorsports festival featuring modern and historic motor racing vehicles taking part in a hillclimbing, hillclimb and other events, held in Goodwood House, West Sussex, in late June or early July. The event is scheduled to avoid clashing with the Formula One season, enabling fans to see F1 machines as well as cars and motorbikes from motor racing history. In the early years of the Festival, which started in 1993, tens of thousands attended over the weekend. As of 2014, it attracted crowds of around 100,000 on each of the three days it was held. A record crowd of 158,000 attended in 2003, before an advance-ticket-only admission policy came into force; attendance was subsequently capped at 150,000. History The Goodwood Festival of Speed was founded in 1993 by Charles Gordon-Lennox, Earl of March and Kinrara, Lord March in order to bring motor racing back to the Goodwood estate – a location steeped in British motor racing history. Sho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argentine Air Force
The Argentine Air Force (, or simply ''FAA'') is the air force of Argentina and one of three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic. In 2018, it had 13,837 military and 6,900 civilian personnel. FAA commander in chief is Brigadier Gustavo Valverde. History The Air Force's history began with the establishment of the Argentine Army Aviation#History, Army Aviation Service's ''Escuela de Aviación Militar'' ('Military Aviation School') on 10 August 1912. Interwar period Throughout the years following World War I, the predecessor to the Argentine Air Force received various aircraft from France and Italy. In 1922, the was temporarily disbanded, resulting in the formation of ('Aviation Group One') as an operational unit. During 1925, the was reopened, and the ('Observation Group Three') created, with becoming known as shortly after. In 1927, the General Aeronautics Authority () was created to coordinate the country's military aviation. In that same year, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fábrica Argentina De Aviones
The Fábrica Argentina de Aviones SA (mostly known for its acronym FAdeA, officially Fábrica Argentina de Aviones "Brigadier San Martín" S.A.), is Argentina's main aircraft manufacturer. Founded on 10 October 1927 and located in Córdoba, for most of its existence it was known as "Fábrica Militar de Aviones" (FMA) until its privatization in the 1990s to Lockheed Martin. In 2009 the concession ended and the company is now wholly owned by the Argentine government. History Formed on 10 October 1927 and on 18 July 1928 ends the construction and testing begins on the track the first domestically produced aircraft: the license built Avro 504 Gosport training aircraft equipped with a Gnome engine. It had a speed of 140 km/h with a flying endurance of 2 hours. A series of indigenous and foreign designs followed, mostly for military use. The factory is known for producing the first jet fighter aircraft in Latin America: the Pulqui I (1947) and the Pulqui II (1950) under ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlos Pascualini
Carlos may refer to: Places ;Canada * Carlos, Alberta, a locality ;United States * Carlos, Indiana, an unincorporated community * Carlos, Maryland, a place in Allegany County * Carlos, Minnesota, a small city * Carlos, West Virginia ;Elsewhere * Carlos (crater), Montes Apenninus, LQ12, Moon; a lunar crater near Mons Hadley People * Carlos (given name), including a list of name holders * Carlos (surname), including a list of name holders Sportspeople * Carlos (Timorese footballer) (Carlos Mateus Ximenes, born 1986) * Carlos (footballer, born 1995) (Carlos Alberto Carvalho da Silva Júnior), Brazilian footballer * Carlos (footballer, born 1985) (Carlos Santos de Jesus), Brazilian footballer Others * Carlos (Calusa) (died 1567), king or paramount chief of the Calusa people of Southwest Florida * Carlos (singer) (1943—2008), French entertainer * Carlos the Jackal, a Venezuelan terrorist Arts and entertainment * ''Carlos'' (miniseries), 2010 biopic about the terrorist Carlo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlos Reutemann
Carlos Alberto "Lole" Reutemann (12 April 1942 – 7 July 2021) was an Argentine racing driver and politician, who competed in Formula One from to and served as the Governor of Santa Fe from 1999 to 2003. Reutemann was runner-up in the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in with Williams and—at the time of his retirement—held the record for most podium finishes (45); he won 12 Grands Prix across 11 seasons. A member of the Justicialist Party, he was a National Senator for Santa Fe from 2003 until his death in 2021. As a racing driver, Reutemann was among Formula One's leading protagonists between 1972 and 1982. He scored 12 Grand Prix wins and six pole positions. In 1981 while driving for Williams he finished second in the World Drivers' Championship by one point, having been overtaken in the last race of the season. Reutemann also finished in third overall three times for three separate teams, for Brabham, for Ferrari, and for Williams. To date, he is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Córdoba, Argentina
Córdoba () is a city in central Argentina, in the foothills of the Punilla Valley, Sierras Chicas on the Primero River, Suquía River, about northwest of Buenos Aires. It is the capital of Córdoba Province, Argentina, Córdoba Province and the List of cities in Argentina by population, second-most populous city in Argentina after Buenos Aires, with about 1.6 million urban inhabitants . Córdoba was founded as a settlement on 6 July 1573 by Spanish Empire, Spanish conquistador Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera, who named it after the Spanish city of Córdoba, Spain, Córdoba. It was one of the early Spanish colonial capitals of the region of present-day Argentina (the oldest Argentine city is Santiago del Estero, founded in 1553). The National University of Córdoba, the oldest university of the country, was founded in 1613 by the Society of Jesus, Jesuit Order, and Córdoba has earned the nickname ("the learned"). Córdoba has many historical monuments preserved from the period ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sport Prototipo Argentino
The Sport Prototipo Argentino (''Argentine Sport Prototype'') was a motorsport championship held in Argentina between 1969 and 1973. The championship was established in 1969, two years after Turismo Carretera Turismo Carretera ( Road racing, lit., ''Road Touring'') is a popular stock car racing series in Argentina, and the 2nd oldest auto racing series still active in the world. The series is organized by Asociación Corredores de Turismo Carretera. ... implemented significant changes in its regulations that allowed for significant modifications to the compact car chassis of that era. After two seasons, this new exclusive championship for sport prototypes was created while Turismo Carretera continued to feature production cars. The vehicles quickly evolved from production chassis-based cars, with 160 HP engines, to prototypes such as the Berta LR, which followed the International Championship for Makes regulations and featured 300 HP engines. The championship disappeared in 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huayra Pronello Ford
Huayra Pronello Ford is an Argentine racing car built in 1969. It was designed by Heriberto Pronello for the official Ford Motor Company, Ford Sports-Prototype team. The Huayra was powered by a heavily modified Ford Ford Y-block engine, Y-block V8, downsized to four liters, producing 430 hp, with four Weber 48/48 IDF carburetors. Driven by Carlos Pascualini and future competitive Formula One driver Carlos Reutemann, it was the fastest car in both qualifying and race in nearly all of Argentina's Turismo Carretera races in 1969. __TOC__ History Context The Argentine Turismo Carretera racing series had been dominated by Ford Motor Company, Ford and Chevrolet until the end of the 1960s. In 1967, Industrias Kaiser Argentina, IKA introduced the IKA Torino, Torino and set up a team to promote it. The IKA team drivers were Eduardo Copello, Héctor Gradassi and Jorge Ternengo. But in the team there were also two outstanding figures, chief mechanic Oreste Berta, and designer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
