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Global Apartheid
Global apartheid is a term for a concept of how Global North countries are engaged in a project of "racialization, segregation, political intervention, mobility controls, capitalist plunder, and labor exploitation" affecting people from the Global South. Proponents of the concept argue that a close examination of the global system reveals it to be a kind of apartheid writ large with striking resemblance to the system of racial segregation in South Africa from 1948 to 1994, but based on borders and national sovereignty. The concept of global apartheid has been developed by many researchers, including Titus Alexander,Titus Alexander, Unravelling Global Apartheid: An Overview of World Politics, Polity Press, 1996 Bruno Amoroso, Patrick Bond, Gernot Kohler, Arjun Makhijiani, Ali Mazuri, Vandana Shiva, Anthony H. Richmond, Joseph Nevins, Muhammed Asadi, Gustav Fridolin, and many others. More recent references are in Falk's ''Re-Framing the International'', Amoroso's ''Global a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Border USA Mexico
Borders are generally defined as geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain, or by political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Political borders can be established through warfare, colonization, or mutual agreements between the political entities that reside in those areas. Some borders—such as most states' internal administrative borders, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Area—are open and completely unguarded. Most external political borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints; adjacent border zones may also be controlled. For the purposes of border control, airports and seaports are also classed as borders. Most countries have some form of border control to regulate or limit the movement of people, animals, and goods into and out of the country. Under international law, each country is generally permi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charter 99
Charter 88 was a British pressure group that advocated constitutional and electoral reform and owes its origins to the lack of a written constitution. It began as a special edition of the ''New Statesman'' magazine in 1988 and it took its name from Charter 77 – the Czechoslovak dissident movement co-founded by Václav Havel. It was a successor to the popular mid-19th century Chartist Movement of England that resulted in an unsuccessful campaign for a People's Charter and also Magna Carta or 'Great Charter' of 1215. In November 2007, Charter 88 merged with the New Politics Network to form Unlock Democracy. History Formation Charter 88 was created by 348 mainly Liberal and Social Democratic British intellectuals and activists. They signed a letter to the ''New Statesman'' magazine as "a general expression of dissent" following the 1987 General Election victory of the Conservative Party, led by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. This was then followed by further advertisements ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citizenship
Citizenship is a membership and allegiance to a sovereign state. Though citizenship is often conflated with nationality in today's English-speaking world, international law does not usually use the term ''citizenship'' to refer to nationality; these two notions are conceptually different dimensions of collective membership. Generally citizenships have no expiration and allow persons to work, reside and vote in the polity, as well as identify with the polity, possibly acquiring a passport. Though through discriminatory laws, like disfranchisement and outright apartheid, citizens have been made second-class citizens. Historically, populations of states were mostly subjects, while citizenship was a particular status which originated in the rights of urban populations, like the rights of the male public of cities and republics, particularly ancient city-states, giving rise to a civitas and the social class of the burgher or bourgeoisie. Since then states have ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dimitry Kochenov
Dimitry Vladimirovich Kochenov is a Soviet-born Dutch legal scholar, currently a professor of legal studies at the Central European University. He is known as a critic of the concept of citizenship. Biography Kochenov was born in Gorky, RSFSR on April 24, 1979. He attended Dobrolyubov State Linguistic University and Lobachevsky State University, both in Nizhny Novgorod, from 1996 to 2001 and graduated with a joint BA/ MA in French History and an LL.B. He received an LL.M. from the Central European University in 2002 and a Ph.D. from the University of Groningen in 2007. He worked as a professor at the University of Groningen from 2006 to 2019 before returning to CEU. His 2019 book ''Citizenship,'' published by MIT Press, was well-received and translated into several languages. Kochenov has criticized the notion of citizenship as an unjustifiable form of apartheid, tracing its origins to racism, sexism, and slavery, and advocated its complete abolition. Together with Chrisi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mexico–United States Border Wall
The Mexico–United States border wall is a series of disjoined physical barriers built along portions of the Mexico–United States border. The barriers were constructed in a piecemeal manner over the course of several President of the United States, presidential administrations in an attempt to reduce illegal immigration to the United States from Mexico.Chaichian, Mohammad. 2014. ''Empires and Walls: Globalization, Migration, and Colonial Domination'' (Brill, pp. 175–235) Between the physical barriers, security is provided by a "virtual fence" of sensors, cameras, and other Surveillance, surveillance equipment used to dispatch United States Border Patrol agents to suspected migrant crossings. In May 2011, the United States Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homeland Security (DHS) said it had of barriers in place. A total of of new primary barriers were built during Donald Trump's first presidency, dubbed the "Trump wall", though Trump had repeatedly promised ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protectionism
Protectionism, sometimes referred to as trade protectionism, is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations. Proponents argue that protectionist policies shield the producers, businesses, and workers of the import-competing sector in the country from foreign competitors and raise government revenue. Opponents argue that protectionist policies reduce trade, and adversely affect consumers in general (by raising the cost of imported goods) as well as the producers and workers in export sectors, both in the country implementing protectionist policies and in the countries against which the protections are implemented. Protectionism has been advocated mainly by parties that hold economic nationalist positions, while economically liberal political parties generally support free trade. There is a consensus among economists that protectionism has a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structural Violence
Structural violence is a form of violence wherein some social structure or social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs or rights. The term was coined by Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung, who introduced it in his 1969 article "Violence, Peace, and Peace Research". Some examples of structural violence as proposed by Galtung include institutionalized racism, sexism, and classism, among others. Structural violence and direct violence are said to be highly interdependent, including family violence, gender violence, hate crimes, racial violence, police violence, state violence, terrorism, and war. It is very closely linked to social injustice insofar as it affects people differently in various social structures. Definitions Galtung According to Johan Galtung, rather than conveying a physical image, ''structural violence'' is an "avoidable impairment of fundamental human needs." Galtung contrasts structural violence wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Des Gasper
Des Gasper is a development studies academic. He works as a professor of ''Human Development, Development Ethics and Public Policy'', at the International Institute of Social Studies in the Erasmus University Rotterdam Erasmus University Rotterdam ( ; abbreviated as EUR) is a public research university located in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The university is named after Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus, a 15th-century Christian humanist and theologian. Erasmus M .... A major focus of his work is development ethics with important contributions examining the ways different conceptual frameworks influence development policy debates. More recently his work has looked at migration and climate change. Gasper is one of the co-lead editors of the Journal of Global Ethics.Keleher, Lori, Des Gasper, Vandra Harris Agisilaou, Christine M. Koggel, Eric Palmer & Thomas R. Wells (2023) Editorial, Journal of Global Ethics, 19:1, 1-5, DOI: 10.1080/17449626.2023.2195739 Selected publications ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bank Of International Settlements
The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international financial institution which is owned by member central banks. Its primary goal is to foster international monetary and financial cooperation while serving as a bank for central banks. With its establishment in 1930 it is the oldest international financial institution. Its initial purpose was to oversee the settlement of World War I war reparations. The BIS carries out its work through its meetings, programmes and through the Basel Process, hosting international groups pursuing global financial stability and facilitating their interaction. It also provides banking services, but only to central banks and other international organizations. The BIS is based in Basel, Switzerland, with representative offices in Hong Kong and Mexico City. History Background International monetary cooperation started to develop tentatively in the course of the 19th century. An early case was a £400,000 loan in gold coins, in 1825 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Majority World
The term Majority World refers to countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America, and Indigenous peoples. It is an alternative to terms considered to be derogatory such as "Third World" or "Developing World." Terminology The Bangladeshi photojournalist Shahidul Alam coined "Majority World" in the early 1990s. He wished to highlight the discrepancy when compared to Western countries, especially those associated with the G8, which represented a tiny minority of the world's population but exercised significant power over the rest of humanity. It sought to overcome the "West's rhetoric of democracy" focusing less on what a community has as opposed to what it lacks. The term was coined as an alternative to "Third World" or "Developing World," terms which reinforced stereotypes about poor communities and hide their histories of oppression and exploitation. It challenges implicit hierarchies, between the "first" and the "third," or the need to be "developing." It is als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade. Governments use the organization to establish, revise, and enforce the rules that govern international trade in cooperation with the United Nations System. The WTO is the world's largest international economic organization, with 166 members representing over 98% of global trade and global GDP. The WTO facilitates trade in goods, trade in services, services and intellectual property among participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements, which usually aim to reduce or eliminate tariffs, Import quota, quotas, and other Trade barrier, restrictions; these agreements are signed by representatives of member governments. (The document's printed folio numbers do not match the PDF page numbers.) and ratified by their legislatures. It also administers independent dispute resolution for enforcing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and Grant (money), grants to the governments of Least developed countries, low- and Developing country, middle-income countries for the purposes of economic development. The World Bank is the collective name for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA), two of five international organizations owned by the World Bank Group. It was established along with the International Monetary Fund at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. After a slow start, its first loan was to France in 1947. In its early years, it primarily focused on rebuilding Europe. Over time, it focused on providing loans to developing world countries. In the 1970s, the World Bank re-conceptualized its mission of facilitating development as being oriented around poverty reduction. For the last 30 years, it has included NGOs and environmental groups in its loan portfolio. Its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
