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Ginkgoales
Ginkgoales are a gymnosperm Order (biology), order containing only one Neontology, extant species: ''Ginkgo biloba'', the ginkgo tree. The order has a long fossil record extending back to the Early Permian around 300 million years ago from fossils found worldwide. The Order (biology), order was a common component of Permian and Triassic flora before the super dominance of Conifer, conifers. Evolution Ginkgophyta and Cycadophyta have a very ancient divergence dating to the early Carboniferous. The earliest representative of the group in the fossil record is probably ''Trichopitys'' from the Asselian (299-293 million years ago) of France. The earliest representatives of ''Ginkgo'', represented by reproductive organs similar to the living species, first appear in the Middle Jurassic, alongside other, related forms such as ''Yimaia'' and ''Karkenia'', which have differently arranged reproductive structures and seeds associated with ''Ginkgo''-like leaves. The diversity of Ginkgoal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ginkgo Biloba
''Ginkgo biloba'', commonly known as ginkgo or gingko ( ), also known as the maidenhair tree, is a species of gymnosperm tree native to East Asia. It is the last living species in the order Ginkgoales, which first appeared over 290 million years ago. Fossil, Fossils very similar to the living species, belonging to the genus ''Ginkgo'', extend back to the Middle Jurassic epoch approximately 170 million years ago. The tree was cultivated early in human history, remains commonly planted, and is widely regarded as a living fossil. ''G. biloba'' is a long-lived, Disease resistance, disease-resistant, Dioecy, dioecious tree with unique fan-shaped Leaf, leaves, capable of Cloning, clonal reproduction, and known for its striking yellow autumn foliage and resilience in disturbed environments. It was known historically as “silver fruit” or “white fruit” in Chinese language, Chinese and called “ginkgo” due to a centuries-old transcription error. It is closely related to Cycad, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yimaia
''Yimaia'' is an extinct genus of Ginkgoalean tree, and the only member of the family Yimaiaceae. In botanical form classification, its a form taxon for ginkgoalean ovulate organs. ''Yimaia'' species are distinguished from other Ginkgoales by the presence of "Ovulate organs consisting of a peduncle and up to eight or nine terminal, sessile, contiguous and orthotropous (straight, upright and with a micropyle at apex) ovules." The ovules are associated with leaves of either ''Baiera'' or ''Ginkgoites'' leaf morphospecies. Fossils have been found in Middle Jurassic deposits in China. Species * ''Yimaia capituliformis'' Zhou, Zheng and Zhang, 2006 Daohugou Bed, China, Callovian Associated with leaves of ''Ginkgoites'' type *''Yimaia qinghaiensis'' Wu, Yang and Zhou, 2006 Shimengou Formation, Qinghai, China, Middle Jurassic Associated with leaves of ''Baiera furcata'' type. * ''Yimaia recurva'' (type) Zhou et Zhang, 1988 Yima Formation, Henan, China, Middle Jurassic The Middle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gymnosperm
The gymnosperms ( ; ) are a group of woody, perennial Seed plant, seed-producing plants, typically lacking the protective outer covering which surrounds the seeds in flowering plants, that include Pinophyta, conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophyta, gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae. The term ''gymnosperm'' comes from the composite word in ( and ), and literally means 'naked seeds'. The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds contrasts with the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an Ovary (botany), ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or Leaf, leaves, which are often modified to form Conifer cone, cones, or on their own as in Taxus, yew, ''Torreya'', and ''Ginkgo''. The life cycle of a gymnosperm involves alternation of generations, with a dominant diploid sporophyte phase, and a reduced haploid gam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sphenobaiera
''Sphenobaiera'' is a form genus for plant leaves belonging to the order Ginkgoales found in rocks from Triassic to Cretaceous periods. The genus ''Sphenobaiera'' is used for plants with wedge-shaped leaves that can be distinguished from ''Ginkgo'', ''Ginkgoites'' and ''Baiera'' by the lack of a petiole. It became extinct about . The family to which this genus belongs has not been conclusively established; an affinity with the Karkeniaceae has been suggested on morphological grounds. Locations ''Sphenobaiera ikorfatensis'' (Seward) Florin f. ''papillata'' Samylina has been found in Lower Cretaceous formations of Western Greenland, the Upper Jurassic of the Asiatic USSR, Upper Triassic, Lower Jurassic in Iran and the basal rock unit of the Lakota formation of the Black Hills, which Fontaine considered to be of Lower Cretaceous age. It is a ginkgophyte. ''Sphenobaiera'' has also been found in the Upper Triassic period Santa Maria Formation The Santa Maria Formation is a sedime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ginkgo
''Ginkgo'' is a genus of non-flowering seed plants, assigned to the gymnosperms. The scientific name is also used as the English common name. The order to which the genus belongs, Ginkgoales, first appeared in the Permian, , and ''Ginkgo'' is now the relict taxon, only living genus within the order. The rate of evolution within the genus has been slow, and almost all its species had become extinct by the end of the Pliocene. The sole surviving species, ''Ginkgo biloba'', is Species distribution, found in the wild only in China, but is cultivated around the world. The relationships between ginkgos and other groups of plants are not fully resolved. Prehistory The ginkgo (''Ginkgo biloba'') is a living fossil, with fossils similar to the modern plant dating back to the Permian, 270 million years ago. The ancestor of the genus is estimated to have branched off from other gymnosperms about 325 million years ago, while the last common ancestor of today's only remaining spe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glossophyllum
''Glossophyllum'' is an extinct genus of plants known from fossilized leaves of the Triassic of Eurasia, with affinities to Ginkgoales. The leaves are elongate relative to modern ''Ginkgo'', being lanceolate, strap or tongue shaped. Description The leaves of ''Glossophyllum'' have parallel veins, and are either lanceolate, tongue, or strap shaped. The cuticle is typically thick and amphistomatic (stomata present on both sides of the leaf). The largest species, ''Glossophyllum shensiense'' reached a maximum length of 50 cm and a width of 6 cm. Taxonomy ''Glossophyllum'' was initially named by Richard Kräusel in 1943 based on the species ''Glossophyllum florinii,'' which was described from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of Linz, Austria. It is assigned to the Ginkgoales due to the similarity of the epidermis to members of that order, as well as the characteristic two veins at the leaf base. ''Glossophyllum'' was proposed to be replaced by ''Arberophyllum'' by Doweld in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baiera
''Baiera'' is a genus of prehistoric gymnosperms in the order Ginkgoales. It is one of the oldest fossil foliage types of Ginkgoales, and is related to the genera ''Ginkgo'' and ''Ginkgoites''. Fossils of ''Baiera'' are found worldwide, and have been known from the Permian to the Cretaceous. Description ''Baiera'' species are characterized by fan-shaped leaves,Pott, Christian & Burgh, J. & van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, Johanna. (2016). New Ginkgophytes from the Upper Triassic–Lower Cretaceous of Spitsbergen and Edgeøya (Svalbard, Arctic Norway): The History of Ginkgoales on Svalbard. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 177. 175-197. 10.1086/684194. are deeply lobed into four segments, deeply incised into slender segments, and are distinguished from '' Sphenobaiera'' by a petiole. ''B. africana'' is characterized by its symmetrical and triangular leaves. Classification Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Braun first introduced the name ''Baiera'' in 1843 to refer to fossils in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karkenia
Karkeniaceae is an extinct family in the order Ginkgoales. It contains the single genus ''Karkenia''. It is distinguished by "Ovulate organs consisting of a peduncle and helically arranged, up to about 100 small, orthotropous but incurved ovules; pedicel present; nucellus largely free." Unlike other ginkgoales, the seeds are borne on cone-like aggregations. Ovuluate organs of ''Karkenia'' are associated with leaves of the ''Ginkgoites'', '' Sphenobaiera'' and '' Eretmophyllum'' types. It is known from the Hettangian to Aptian The Aptian is an age (geology), age in the geologic timescale or a stage (stratigraphy), stage in the stratigraphic column. It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous, Early or Lower Cretaceous epoch (geology), Epoch or series (stratigraphy), S ... of both Hemispheres. References Ginkgophyta Prehistoric plant families {{Paleo-gymnosperm-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triassic
The Triassic ( ; sometimes symbolized 🝈) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period of the Mesozoic Era and the seventh period of the Phanerozoic Eon. Both the start and end of the period are marked by major extinction events. The Triassic Period is subdivided into three epochs: Early Triassic, Middle Triassic and Late Triassic. The Triassic began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which left the Earth's biosphere impoverished; it was well into the middle of the Triassic before life recovered its former diversity. Three categories of organisms can be distinguished in the Triassic record: survivors from the extinction event, new groups that flourished briefly, and other new groups that went on to dominate the Mesozoic Era. Reptiles, especially archosaurs, were the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Permian
The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years, from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the sixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesozoic Era. The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison, who named it after the Perm Governorate, region of Perm in Russia. The Permian witnessed the diversification of the two groups of amniotes, the synapsids and the Sauropsida, sauropsids (reptiles). The world at the time was dominated by the supercontinent Pangaea, which had formed due to the collision of Euramerica and Gondwana during the Carboniferous. Pangaea was surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa. The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior. Amniotes, which could better cope with these ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umaltolepidaceae
''Umaltolepis'' is an extinct genus of seed plant, known from the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous of Asia. Within the form classification system used within paleobotany, it refers to the seed-bearing reproductive structures, which grew on woody plants with strap-shaped ''Ginkgo''-like leaves assigned to the genus '' Pseudotorellia.'' Description ''Umaltolepis'' consisted of a thick, resinous umbrella-like four-lobed cupule borne on a stalk-like column, which was attached to the tip of a short shoot. The cupule is typically up to in length, and up to in width. The four lobes enclosed the column down to a flange-like flared structure. Near the top of the column near to the attachment of the cupule, the structure became four angled, with each of the four faces bearing a loosely attached winged seed. The ''Umaltolepis'' plant was probably wind-pollinated, likely involving a hanging pollination drop. The seeds are thin-walled and were probably wind-dispersed, with the cupule lik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
