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Genetics Of Obesity
Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay between environmental and genetic factors. Studies have identified variants in several genes that may contribute to weight gain and body fat distribution, although only in a few cases are genes the primary cause of obesity. Recent research indicates that environmental influences can lead to epigenetic modifications affecting gene expression related to obesity. These changes can alter metabolic processes and appetite regulation, contributing to obesity development. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%, with the typical estimate at 50%. Twin studies have consistently shown that genetics account for 40% to 70% of the variation in body mass index (BMI) across individuals (Loos & Yeo, 2022). It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
La Monstrua Desnuda (1680), De Juan Carreño De Miranda
LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second most populous city in the United States of America. La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music *La (musical note), or A, the sixth note *"L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on ''Figure 8'' (album) * ''L.A.'' (EP), by Teddy Thompson *''L.A. (Light Album)'', a Beach Boys album * "L.A." (Neil Young song), 1973 *The La's, an English rock band *L.A. Reid, a prominent music producer *Yung L.A., a rapper *Lady A, an American country music trio * "L.A." (Amy Macdonald song), 2007 *"La", a song by Australian-Israeli singer-songwriter Old Man River *''La'', a Les Gordon album Other media * l(a, a poem by E. E. Cummings *La (Tarzan), fictional queen of the lost city of Opar (Tarzan) *''Lá'', later known as Lá Nua, an Irish language newspaper *La7, an Italian television channel *LucasArts, an American video game developer and publisher * Liber Annuus, academic journal Business, organizations, and government agenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melanocortin-4 Receptor
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in regulating energy homeostasis, appetite, and sexual function. It plays a key role in metabolic processes and is predisposes to certain forms of obesity in humans. MC4R is a receptor that is activated by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), influencing energy homeostasis and feeding behavior in the central nervous system. In mouse models, MC4R has been shown to regulate feeding behavior, metabolism, reproductive function, and erectile response. Clinical significance The importance of the MC4R in the regulation of human body weight first became apparent in 1998 with the reports from two groups of single families in whom heterozygous frameshift mutations in ''MC4R'' cosegregated with dominantly inherited severe early-onset obesity. In 2009, two very large genome-wide association studies of body mass index (BMI) confirmed the association of common variants about 150 kilobases downstream of the ''M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PCSK1
Proprotein convertase 1, also known as prohormone convertase, prohormone convertase 3, or neuroendocrine convertase 1 and often abbreviated as PC1/3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PCSK1'' gene. PCSK1 and PCSK2 differentially cleave proopiomelanocortin and they act together to process proinsulin and proglucagon in pancreatic islets. Function PC1/3 is an enzyme that performs the proteolytic cleavage of prohormones to their intermediate (or sometimes completely cleaved) forms. It is present only in neuroendocrine cells such as brain, pituitary and adrenal, and most often cleaves after a pair of basic residues within prohormones but can occasionally cleave after a single arginine. It binds to a protein known as proSAAS, which also represents its endogenous inhibitor. PC1 is synthesized as a 99 kDa proform quickly converted to an 87 kDa major active form, which itself is nearly completely cleaved to a 66 kDa active form within neuroendocrine cells. Proprotein con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MTCH2
Mitochondrial carrier homolog 2 also known as MTCH2 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''MTCH2'' gene. MTCH2 resides on the outer mitochondrial membrane where it co-localizes with the apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein BID. Clinical significance MTCH2 assists in the recruitment of BID into the mitochondria during apoptosis. Variants of the MTCH2 gene may be associated with obesity. MTCH2 represses mitochondrial metabolism such that a deficiency of MTCH2 increases energy consumption and production by mitochondria. See also * Mitochondrial carrier Mitochondrial carriers are proteins from solute carrier family 25 which transfer molecules across the membranes of the mitochondria. Mitochondrial carriers are also classified in thTransporter Classification Database The Mitochondrial Carrier (MC ... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-11-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SH2B1
SH2B adapter protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SH2B1'' gene. Interactions SH2B1 has been shown to interact with: * Grb2, * Insulin receptor, * Janus kinase 2, and * TrkA. Clinical significance Variations close to or in the SH2B1 gene have been found to associate with obesity in two very large genome wide association studies of body mass index Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass (Mass versus weight, weight) and height of a person. The BMI is defined as the human body weight, body mass divided by the square (algebra), square of the human height, body height, and is ... (BMI). Furthermore, SH2B1 deletions are associated with severe early-onset obesity. See also * Genetics of obesity References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{PDB Gallery, geneid=25970 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KCTD15
Potassium channel tetramerisation domain containing 15 also known as BTB/POZ domain-containing protein KCTD15 is protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCTD15'' gene. Clinical significance Variants of the KCTD15 gene may be associated with obesity Obesity is a medical condition, considered by multiple organizations to be a disease, in which excess Adipose tissue, body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health. People are classifi .... See also * Potassium channel tetramerisation domain References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-19-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BDNF
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or abrineurin, is a protein found in the and the periphery. that, in humans, is encoded by the ''BDNF'' gene. BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical nerve growth factor (NGF), a family which also includes NT-3 and NT-4/NT-5. Neurotrophic factors are found in the brain and the periphery. BDNF was first isolated from a pig brain in 1982 by Yves-Alain Barde and Hans Thoenen. BDNF activates the TrkB tyrosine kinase receptor. Function BDNF acts on certain neurons of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system expressing TrkB, helping to support survival of existing neurons, and encouraging growth and Cellular differentiation, differentiation of new neurons and synapses. In the brain it is active in the hippocampus, Cerebral cortex, cortex, and basal forebrain areas vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking. BDNF is also expressed in the retina, kidneys, pros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NEGR1
Neuronal growth regulator 1 also known as NEGR1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''NEGR1'' gene. Clinical significance Variants of the NEGR1 gene may be associated with obesity Obesity is a medical condition, considered by multiple organizations to be a disease, in which excess Adipose tissue, body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health. People are classifi ... and major depression. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Human proteins {{gene-1-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GNPDA2
Glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2 also known as GNPDA2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''GNPDA2'' gene. Clinical significance Variants of the GNPDA2 gene may be associated with obesity Obesity is a medical condition, considered by multiple organizations to be a disease, in which excess Adipose tissue, body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health. People are classifi .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-4-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TMEM18
Transmembrane protein 18 also known as TMEM18 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''TMEM18'' gene. Function TMEM18 seems to affect energy levels through insulin and glucagon signaling, and in flies, its downregulation induces a metabolic state resembling type-II diabetes Overexpression of the TMEM18 protein increases the migration capacity of neural stem cells while inactivation of TMEM18 results in almost complete loss of migration activity. The TMEM18 gene is ubiquitously expressed in both mammalian and fly tissues, which suggests a basic cellular function. In the mouse brain, it is found in the majority of all cells, but is more abundant in neurons than other cell types. Clinical significance Genetic variants in the proximity of the TMEM18 gene are associated with obesity Obesity is a medical condition, considered by multiple organizations to be a disease, in which excess Adipose tissue, body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allele
An allele is a variant of the sequence of nucleotides at a particular location, or Locus (genetics), locus, on a DNA molecule. Alleles can differ at a single position through Single-nucleotide polymorphism, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), but they can also have insertions and deletions of up to several thousand base pairs. Most alleles observed result in little or no change in the function or amount of the gene product(s) they code or regulate for. However, sometimes different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits, such as different pigmentation. A notable example of this is Gregor Mendel's discovery that the white and purple flower colors in pea plants were the result of a single gene with two alleles. Nearly all multicellular organisms have two sets of chromosomes at some point in their biological life cycle; that is, they are diploid. For a given locus, if the two chromosomes contain the same allele, they, and the organism, are homozygous with re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homozygous
Zygosity (the noun, zygote, is from the Greek "yoked," from "yoke") () is the degree to which both copies of a chromosome or gene have the same genetic sequence. In other words, it is the degree of similarity of the alleles in an organism. Most eukaryotes have two matching sets of chromosomes; that is, they are diploid. Diploid organisms have the same loci on each of their two sets of homologous chromosomes except that the sequences at these loci may differ between the two chromosomes in a matching pair and that a few chromosomes may be mismatched as part of a chromosomal sex-determination system. If both alleles of a diploid organism are the same, the organism is homozygous at that locus. If they are different, the organism is heterozygous at that locus. If one allele is missing, it is hemizygous, and, if both alleles are missing, it is nullizygous. The DNA sequence of a gene often varies from one individual to another. These gene variants are called alleles. While some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
