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Gastropathy
Stomach diseases include gastritis, gastroparesis, Crohn's disease and various cancers. The stomach is an important organ in the body. It plays a vital role in digestion of foods, releases various enzymes and also protects the lower intestine from harmful organisms. The stomach connects to the esophagus above and to the small intestine below. It is intricately related to the pancreas, spleen and liver. The stomach does vary in size but its J shape is constant. The stomach lies in the upper part of the abdomen just below the left rib cage. The term ''gastropathy'' means "stomach disease" and is included in the name of the diseases portal hypertensive gastropathy, hyperplastic hypersecretory gastropathy (Ménétrier's disease), and others. However, not all stomach diseases are labeled with the word "gastropathy"; examples include peptic ulcer disease, gastroparesis, and dyspepsia. Many stomach diseases are associated with infections. In the past it was widely but incorrectly belie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy
Portal hypertensive gastropathy refers to changes in the mucosa of the stomach in patients with portal hypertension; by far the most common cause of this is cirrhosis of the liver. These changes in the mucosa include friability of the mucosa and the presence of ectatic blood vessels at the surface. Patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy may experience bleeding from the stomach, which may uncommonly manifest itself in vomiting blood or melena; however, portal hypertension may cause several other more common sources of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, such as esophageal varices and gastric varices. On endoscopic evaluation of the stomach, this condition shows a characteristic mosaic or "snake-skin" appearance to the mucosa of the stomach. Signs and symptoms Most patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy have either a stable or improving course in the appearance of the gastropathy on endoscopy. However, according to retrospective data, roughly one in seven patients wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ménétrier's Disease
Ménétrier disease is a rare, acquired, premalignant disease of the stomach characterized by massive gastric folds, gastric hyperplasia, excessive mucus production with resultant Hypoalbuminemia, protein loss, and little or no Stomach acid, acid production (achlorhydria). The disorder is associated with excessive secretion of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α). It is named after French physician Pierre Eugène Ménétrier (1859–1935). Signs and symptoms Individuals with the disease present with upper abdominal (epigastric) pain, at times accompanied by nausea, vomiting, Anorexia (symptom), loss of appetite, Peripheral edema, edema, weakness, and weight loss. A small amount of gastrointestinal bleeding may occur, which is typically due to superficial mucosal erosions; large volume bleeding is rare. 20% to 100% of patients, depending on time of presentation, develop a Protein losing enteropathy, protein-losing gastropathy accompanied by hypoalbuminemia, low blood albumi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyperchlorhydria
Hyperchlorhydria, sometimes called chlorhydria, sour stomach or acid stomach, refers to the state in the stomach where gastric acid levels are higher than the reference range. The combining forms of the name ('' chlor-'' + '' hydr-''), referring to chlorine and hydrogen, are the same as those in the name of hydrochloric acid, which is the active constituent of gastric acid. In humans, the normal pH is around 1 to 3, which varies throughout the day. The highest basal secretion levels are in the late evening (around 12 A.M. to 3 A.M.). Hyperchlorhydria is usually defined as having a pH less than 2. In Zollinger–Ellison syndrome gastrin levels are increased, leading to excess gastric acid production, which can cause gastric ulcers. Hypercalcemia also increases gastrin and gastric acid and can cause ulcers. See also * Achlorhydria Achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria are states where the production of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions of the stomach is absent or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Achlorhydria
Achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria are states where the production of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions of the stomach is absent or low, respectively. Achlorhydria is commonly a complication of some other disease, such as chronic '' Helicobacter pylori'' infection or autoimmune pernicious anemia, as well as a possible side effect of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. Complications of achlorhydria most frequently include small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and the nutritional deficiencies that can result from it. Rarely, achlorhydria may contribute to formation of gastric cancers or gastric carcinoid tumors. Signs and symptoms Irrespective of the cause, achlorhydria can result in known complications of bacterial overgrowth and intestinal metaplasia, and symptoms are often consistent with those diseases: * gastroesophageal reflux diseaseKines, Kasia, and Tina Krupczak. "Nutritional Interventions for Gastroesophageal Reflux, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and Hypochlor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypochlorhydria
Achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria are states where the production of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions of the stomach is absent or low, respectively. Achlorhydria is commonly a complication of some other disease, such as chronic '' Helicobacter pylori'' infection or autoimmune pernicious anemia, as well as a possible side effect of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. Complications of achlorhydria most frequently include small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and the nutritional deficiencies that can result from it. Rarely, achlorhydria may contribute to formation of gastric cancers or gastric carcinoid tumors. Signs and symptoms Irrespective of the cause, achlorhydria can result in known complications of bacterial overgrowth and intestinal metaplasia, and symptoms are often consistent with those diseases: * gastroesophageal reflux diseaseKines, Kasia, and Tina Krupczak. "Nutritional Interventions for Gastroesophageal Reflux, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and Hypochlorhy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helicobacter
''Helicobacter'' is a genus of gram-negative bacteria possessing a characteristic helical shape. They were initially considered to be members of the genus '' Campylobacter'', but in 1989, Goodwin ''et al.'' published sufficient reasons to justify the new genus name ''Helicobacter''. The genus ''Helicobacter'' contains about 35 species. Some species have been found living in the lining of the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as the liver of mammals and some birds. The most widely known species of the genus is '' H. pylori'', which infects up to 50% of the human population. It also serves as the type species of the genus. Some strains of this bacterium are pathogenic to humans, as they are strongly associated with peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, duodenitis, and stomach cancer. ''Helicobacter'' species are able to thrive in the very acidic mammalian stomach by producing large quantities of the enzyme urease, which locally raises the pH from about 2 to a more biocompatible ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at normally-encountered concentrations it is odorless. As the source of carbon in the carbon cycle, atmospheric is the primary carbon source for life on Earth. In the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared, infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is found in groundwater, lakes, ice caps, and seawater. It is a trace gas Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, in Earth's atmosphere at 421 parts per million (ppm), or about 0.042% (as of May 2022) having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm or about 0.028%. Burning fossil fuels is the main cause of these increased concentrations, which are the primary cause of climate change.IPCC (2022Summary for pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the chemical formula, formula . A Binary compounds of hydrogen, stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinctive pungent smell. It is widely used in fertilizers, refrigerants, explosives, cleaning agents, and is a precursor for numeous chemicals. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to fertilisers. Around 70% of ammonia produced industrially is used to make fertilisers in various forms and composition, such as urea and diammonium phosphate. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many chemicals. In many countries, it is classified as an List of extremely hazardous substances, extremely hazardous substance. Ammonia is toxic, cau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urea
Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula . This amide has two Amine, amino groups (–) joined by a carbonyl functional group (–C(=O)–). It is thus the simplest amide of carbamic acid. Urea serves an important role in the cellular metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals. ''Urea'' is Neo-Latin, , , itself from Proto-Indo-European ''*h₂worsom''. It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic ( is 15 g/kg for rats). Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor base (chemistry), alkaline. The body uses it in many processes, most notably metabolic waste#Nitrogen wastes, nitrogen excretion. The liver forms it by combining two ammonia molecules () with a carbon dioxide () molecule in the urea cycle. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen (N) and is an important ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urease
Ureases (), functionally, belong to the superfamily of amidohydrolases and phosphotriesterases. Ureases are found in numerous Bacteria, Archaea, fungi, algae, plants, and some invertebrates. Ureases are nickel-containing metalloenzymes of high molecular weight. Ureases are distinct from Urecases are important in degrading avian faecal matter, which is rich in uric acid, the breakdown product of which is urea, which is then degraded by urease as described here. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia: : (NH2)2CO + H2O CO2 + 2NH3 The hydrolysis of urea occurs in two stages. In the first stage, ammonia and carbamic acid are produced. The carbamate spontaneously and rapidly hydrolyzes to ammonia and carbonic acid. Urease activity increases the pH of its environment as ammonia is produced, which is basic. History Urease activity was first identified in 1876 by Frédéric Alphonse Musculus as a soluble ferment. In 1926, James B. Sumner ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helicobacter Pylori
''Helicobacter pylori'', previously known as ''Campylobacter pylori'', is a gram-negative, Flagellum#bacterial, flagellated, Bacterial cellular morphologies#Helical, helical bacterium. Mutants can have a rod or curved rod shape that exhibits less virulence. Its Helix, helical body (from which the genus name ''Helicobacter'' derives) is thought to have evolved to penetrate the gastric mucosa, mucous lining of the stomach, helped by its flagella, and thereby establish infection. While many earlier reports of an association between bacteria and the ulcers had existed, such as the works of John Lykoudis, it was only in 1983 when the bacterium was formally described for the first time in the English-language Western literature as the causal agent of peptic ulcer, gastric ulcers by Australian physician-scientists Barry Marshall and Robin Warren. In 2005, the pair was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery. Infection of the stomach with ''H. pylori'' doe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stomach Cancer
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a malignant tumor of the stomach. It is a cancer that develops in the Gastric mucosa, lining of the stomach. Most cases of stomach cancers are gastric carcinomas, which can be divided into a number of subtypes, including gastric adenocarcinomas. Lymphomas and mesenchymal tumors may also develop in the stomach. Early symptoms may include heartburn, upper abdominal pain, nausea, and Anorexia (symptom), loss of appetite. Later signs and symptoms may include weight loss, jaundice, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, Hematemesis, vomiting, Dysphagia, difficulty swallowing, and Melena, blood in the stool, among others. The cancer may metastasis, spread from the stomach to other parts of the body, particularly the liver, lungs, bones, peritoneum, lining of the abdomen, and lymph nodes. The bacterium ''Helicobacter pylori'' accounts for more than 60% of cases of stomach cancer. Certain strains of ''H. pylori'' have greater risk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
