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Funkabwehr
The ''Funkabwehr'', "Radio Defence Corps," was a radio counterintelligence organisation created in 1940 by Hans Kopp of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, Armed Forces High Command during World War II. It was the principal body for the monitoring of illicit broadcasts. Its formal name was ''Funkabwehr des Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht'' () (OKW/WNV/FU). Its most notable breakthrough occurred on 26 June 1941, when tracing teams at the Funkabwehr station at Zelenogradsk discovered the Red Orchestra (espionage), Rote Kapelle, an anti-Nazi resistance movement in Berlin, and two Soviet Union, Soviet Main Directorate of State Security, espionage rings operating in German-occupied Europe and Switzerland during World War II. The Funkabwehr was dissolved on 30 April 1945. History Purpose The Radio Defence Corps of the OKW was given the task of picking up and locating by Direction finding (DF) transmitters of Espionage, secret agents and other clandestine 'undergro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Orchestra (espionage)
The Red Orchestra (, ) was the name given by the Abwehr Section III.F to anti-Nazi resistance workers in Germany in August 1941. It primarily referred to a loose network of resistance groups, connected through personal contacts, uniting hundreds of opponents of the Nazi regime. These included groups of friends who held discussions that were centred on Harro Schulze-Boysen, Adam Kuckhoff and Arvid Harnack in Berlin, alongside many others. They printed and distributed prohibited leaflets, posters, and stickers, hoping to incite civil disobedience. They aided Jews and resistance to escape the regime, documented the atrocities of the Nazis, and transmitted military intelligence to the Allies. Contrary to legend, the Red Orchestra was neither directed by Soviet communists nor under a single leadership. It was a network of groups and individuals, often operating independently. To date, about 400 members are known by name. The term was also used by the German Abwehr to refer to as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Der Nachrichtenaufklärung
() was the signals intelligence agency of the German Army (1935-1945), Heer (German Army), before and during World War II. It was the successor to the former cipher bureau known as Inspectorate 7/VI in operation between 1940 and 1942, when it was further reorganised into the Headquarters for Signal Intelligence () () between 1942 and 1944, until it was finally reorganised in October 1944 into the GdNA. The agency was also known at the OKH/Gend Na, GendNa or Inspectorate 7 or more commonly OKH/GdNA. ''Inspectorate 7/VI'' was also known as In 7 or In/7 or In 7/VI and also OKH/Chi. Chi-Stelle The letter ''Chi'' for the ('cipher department') is, contrary to what one might expect, not the Greek letter ''Chi'', nor anything to do with the chi-squared test, a common cryptographic test used as part of deciphering of Cipher, enciphered message, and invented by Solomon Kullback, but simply the first three letters of the word . Key personnel Senior personnel Erich Fellgiebel, was Dir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cipher Department Of The High Command Of The Wehrmacht
The Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht () (also ''Oberkommando der Wehrmacht Chiffrierabteilung'' or ''Chiffrierabteilung of the High Command of the Wehrmacht'' or ''Chiffrierabteilung of the OKW'' or ''OKW/Chi'' or ''Chi'') was the Signals intelligence, Signal Intelligence Agency of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, Supreme Command of the Armed Forces of the Wehrmacht, German Armed Forces before and during World War II. Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, OKW/Chi, within the formal order of battle hierarchy OKW/WFsT/Ag WNV/Chi, dealt with the cryptanalysis and deciphering of enemy and neutral states' message traffic and security control of its own key processes and machinery, such as the Rotor machine, rotor cipher Enigma machine, ENIGMA machine. It was the successor to the former Chi bureau () of the Ministry of the Reichswehr, Reichswehr Ministry. Short name The name "Chi" for the ''Chiffrierabteilung'' ("cipher department") is, contrary to what one might expect, not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zelenogradsk
Zelenogradsk (; ; ; Lithuanian and Old Prussian: ''Krantas'') is a town and the administrative center of Zelenogradsky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located north of Kaliningrad, on the Sambian coastline near the Curonian Spit on the Baltic Sea. Population: In its heyday, Zelenogradsk (as ''Cranz'') was a popular seaside resort on Germany's eastern Baltic coast, comparable to Bognor Regis in England. However, at the end of World War II, the Soviets took over the town, and much of its tourist traffic has been diverted to nearby Svetlogorsk. History The site of today's Zelenogradsk was originally an Old Prussian fishing village, in the proximity of Kaup, a Prussian town on the coast of the Baltic Sea in the Viking era. The area became controlled by the Teutonic Order and settled with Germans. The German name ''Cranz'', originally ''Cranzkuhren'', derives from the Old Prussian word ''krantas'', meaning "the coast". In 1466, the territory became a part of Poland as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teleprinter
A teleprinter (teletypewriter, teletype or TTY) is an electromechanical device that can be used to send and receive typed messages through various communications channels, in both point-to-point (telecommunications), point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication, point-to-multipoint configurations. Initially, from 1887 at the earliest, teleprinters were used in telegraphy. Electrical telegraphy had been developed decades earlier in the late 1830s and 1840s, then using simpler Morse key equipment and telegraph operators. The introduction of teleprinters automated much of this work and eventually largely replaced skilled labour, skilled operators versed in Morse code with Data entry clerk, typists and machines communicating faster via Baudot code. With the development of early computers in the 1950s, teleprinters were adapted to allow typed data to be sent to a computer, and responses printed. Some teleprinter models could also be used to create punched tape for Compute ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spandau (locality)
Spandau () is a locality (''Ortsteil'') of Berlin, Germany's capital and largest city, in the homonymous borough (''Bezirk'') of Spandau. The historic city is situated, for the most part, on the western banks of the river Havel. As of 2020, the estimated population of Spandau was 39,653. Geography Position The locality is situated in the middle of its borough. It borders Wilhelmstadt in the south, Staaken and Falkenhagener Feld in the west, Hakenfelde in the north as well as Haselhorst, Siemensstadt and Westend (in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf district) in the east. Subdivision Spandau proper is subdivided into four historic neighbourhoods (''Ortslagen''): #Altstadt Spandau (Old Town) # Neustadt Spandau (New Town, the northern expansion) # Stresow (east of the Havel) # Kolk-Spandau History The city was founded at the confluence of the rivers Spree and Havel. The settlement of the area can be traced back to the 6th century when the eastern territories of the Elbe river were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sicherheitspolizei
The often abbreviated as SiPo, is a German term meaning "security police". In the Nazi Germany, Nazi era, it referred to the state political and criminal investigation security agency, security agencies. It was made up by the combined forces of the Gestapo (secret state police) and the ''Kriminalpolizei (Nazi Germany), Kriminalpolizei'' (criminal police; Kripo) between 1936 and 1939. As a formal agency, the SiPo was incorporated into the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) in 1939, but the term continued to be used informally until the end of World War II in Europe. Origins The term originated in August 1919 when the ''Reichswehr'' set up the ''Sicherheitswehr'' as a militarised police force to take action during times of riots or strikes. Owing to limitations in army numbers, it was renamed the to avoid attention. They wore a green uniform, and were sometimes called the "Green Police". It was a military body, recruiting largely from the ''Freikorps'', with NCOs and officers from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Führer
( , spelled ''Fuehrer'' when the umlaut is unavailable) is a German word meaning "leader" or " guide". As a political title, it is strongly associated with Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. Hitler officially called himself ''der Führer und Reichskanzler'' (the Leader and Chancellor of the Reich) after the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, as well as the subsequent merging of the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and '' Reichskanzler''. Nazi Germany cultivated the ("leader principle"), and Hitler was generally known as simply ("the Leader"). In compound words, the use of remains common in German and is used in words such as ( travel guide), ( museum docent), ( mountain guide), or (leader of the opposition). However, because of its strong association with Hitler, the isolated word itself usually has negative connotations when used with the meaning of "leader", especially in political contexts. The word has cognates in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jüterbog
Jüterbog () is a historic town in north-eastern Germany, in the Teltow-Fläming district of Brandenburg. It is on the Nuthe river at the northern slope of the Fläming hill range, about southwest of Berlin. History The Polabian Slavs, Slavic settlement of ''Jutriboc'' in the Saxon Eastern March was first mentioned in 1007 by Thietmar of Merseburg, chronicler of Archbishop Tagino of Magdeburg. However, it was not incorporated into the Archbishopric of Magdeburg, Magdeburg diocese until 1157, when Archbishop Wichmann von Seeburg in the train of Albert the Bear established a burgward here. In 1170 Wichmann also founded the neighbouring Zinna Abbey and granted Jüterbog German town law, town privileges in 1174. The area remained a Magdeburg exclave between the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg throughout the Middle Ages. In March 1611 a treaty was signed in Jüterbog between Brandenburg and the Electorate of Saxony in a failed attempt to end the War of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zinna
Zinna () is a village and a former municipality in the district Nordsachsen, in Saxony, Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu .... Since 1 January 2013, it is part of the town Torgau. See also * Treaty of Zinna * Zinna Abbey References Former municipalities in Saxony Torgau {{Nordsachsen-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erich Fellgiebel
Fritz Erich Fellgiebel (4 October 1886 – 4 September 1944) was a German Army general of signals and a resistance fighter, participating in both the 1938 September Conspiracy to topple dictator Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, and the 1944 20 July plot to assassinate the Fuhrer. In 1929, Fellgiebel became head of the cipher bureau () of the Ministry of the Reichswehr, which would later become the OKW/Chi. He was a signals specialist and was instrumental in introducing a common enciphering machine, the Enigma machine. However, he was unsuccessful in promoting a single cipher agency to coordinate all operations, as was demanded by OKW/Chi and was still blocked by Joachim von Ribbentrop, Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring until autumn 1943. It was not achieved until General Albert Praun took over the post following Fellgiebel's arrest and execution for his role in the 20 July attempted coup. Military career Fellgiebel was born in Pöpelwitz (Present-day Popowice in Wrocław, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generaloberst
A ("colonel general") was the second-highest general officer rank in the German '' Reichswehr'' and ''Wehrmacht'', the Austro-Hungarian Common Army, the East German National People's Army and in their respective police services. The rank was equal to a four-star full general but below a '' Generalfeldmarschall''. The rank was equivalent to a '' Generaladmiral'' in the ''Kriegsmarine'' until 1945 or to a '' Flottenadmiral'' in the '' Volksmarine'' until 1990. It was the highest ordinary military rank and the highest military rank awarded in peacetime; the higher rank of general field marshal was awarded only in wartime by the head of state. In general, a ''Generaloberst'' had the same privileges as a general field marshal. A literal translation of ''Generaloberst'' would be "uppermost general", but it is often translated as "colonel-general" by analogy to ''Oberst'', "colonel", such as in countries in which the rank was adopted like Russia (). "Oberst" derives from the su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
