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Functional Generative Description
Functional generative description (FGD) is a linguistic framework developed at Charles University in Prague since the 1960s by a team led by Petr Sgall. Based on the dependency grammar formalism, it is a stratificational grammar formalism that treats the sentence as a system of interlinked layers: phonological, Morpheme, morphematical, morphonological, analytical (Deep structure and surface structure, surface syntax) and tectogrammatical (Deep structure and surface structure, deep syntax). Continuing the tradition of Prague School, special attention is paid to the phenomenon of topic–focus articulation. The Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) is a treebank consisting of a subset of the Czech National Corpus annotated along the lines of FGD. References * Sgall, P., Eva Hajičová, Hajičová, E., Panevová, J. (1986). ''The Meaning of the Sentence in Its Semantic and Pragmatic Aspects''. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. . External links Prague Dependency Treebank 2.0Prag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles University In Prague
Charles University (CUNI; , UK; ; ), or historically as the University of Prague (), is the largest university in the Czech Republic. It is one of the oldest universities in the world in continuous operation, the oldest university north of the Alps and east of Paris. Today, the university consists of 17 faculties located in Prague, Hradec Králové, and Plzeň. History Medieval university (1349–1419) The establishment of a medieval university in Prague was inspired by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. He requested his friend and ally, Pope Clement VI, to create the university. On 26 January 1347, the pope issued the bull establishing a university in Prague, modeled on the University of Paris, with all four faculties, including theology. On 7 April 1348 Charles, the king of Bohemia, gave to the established university privileges and immunities from the secular power in a Golden Bull and on 14 January 1349 he repeated that as the King of the Romans. Most Czech sources sinc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petr Sgall
Petr Sgall (27 May 1926 – 28 May 2019) was a Czech linguist. He specialized in dependency grammar, topic–focus articulation and Common Czech. Biography Sgall was born on 27 May 1926 in České Budějovice. His father was an attorney and a translator from Litomyšl of Jewish descent. Sgall studied at Česká Třebová high school; however he was expelled in the 1942/43 academic year because of his Jewish father. Most of Sgall's closest relatives were killed in the Auschwitz concentration camp. He studied Indo-European studies, comparative linguistics, general linguistics and Czech at Charles University in Prague Prague ( ; ) is the capital and List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic, largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia. Prague, located on the Vltava River, has a population of about 1.4 million, while its P .... His son is mathematician and computer scientist (* 1965). External links Charles University home page ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dependency Grammar
Dependency grammar (DG) is a class of modern Grammar, grammatical theories that are all based on the dependency relation (as opposed to the ''constituency relation'' of Phrase structure grammar, phrase structure) and that can be traced back primarily to the work of Lucien Tesnière. Dependency is the notion that linguistic units, e.g. words, are connected to each other by directed links. The (finite) verb is taken to be the structural center of clause structure. All other syntactic units (words) are either directly or indirectly connected to the verb in terms of the directed links, which are called ''dependencies''. Dependency grammar differs from phrase structure grammar in that while it can identify phrases it tends to overlook phrasal nodes. A dependency structure is determined by the relation between a word (a Head (linguistics), head) and its dependents. Dependency structures are flatter than phrase structures in part because they lack a finite verb, finite verb phrase constit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phonological
Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics: "phonemics ''n.'' 'obsolescent''1. Any procedure for identifying the phonemes of a language from a corpus of data. 2. (formerly also phonematics) A former synonym for phonology, often preferred by the American Structuralists and reflecting the importance in structuralist work of phonemics in sense 1.": "phonematics ''n.'' 1. 'obsolete''An old synonym for phonemics (sense 2).") is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phonemes or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages, but now it may relate to any linguistic analysis either: Sign languages have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morpheme
A morpheme is any of the smallest meaningful constituents within a linguistic expression and particularly within a word. Many words are themselves standalone morphemes, while other words contain multiple morphemes; in linguistic terminology, this is the distinction, respectively, between free and bound morphemes. The field of linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. In English, inside a word with multiple morphemes, the main morpheme that gives the word its basic meaning is called a root (such as ''cat'' inside the word ''cats''), which can be bound or free. Meanwhile, additional bound morphemes, called affixes, may be added before or after the root, like the ''-s'' in ''cats'', which indicates plurality but is always bound to a root noun and is not regarded as a word on its own. However, in some languages, including English and Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European langua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morphonological
Morphophonology (also morphophonemics or morphonology) is the branch of linguistics that studies the interaction between morphological and phonological or phonetic processes. Its chief focus is the sound changes that take place in morphemes (minimal meaningful units) when they combine to form words. The origins of morphophonology trace back to the early 20th century with foundational works in structural linguistics. Notable contributions include Roman Jakobson's insights into phonological alternations and Chomsky and Halle's ''The Sound Pattern of English'' (1968), which formalized the relationship between phonology and morphology within generative grammar. Subsequent theories, such as Autosegmental Phonology and Optimality Theory, have refined the analysis of morphophonological patterns Morphophonological analysis often involves an attempt to give a series of formal rules or constraints that successfully predict the regular sound changes occurring in the morphemes of a given ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deep Structure And Surface Structure
Deep structure and surface structure (also D-structure and S-structure although those abbreviated forms are sometimes used with distinct meanings) are concepts used in linguistics, specifically in the study of syntax in the Chomskyan tradition of transformational generative grammar. The deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures. For example, the sentences "Pat loves Chris" and "Chris is loved by Pat" mean roughly the same thing and use similar words. Some linguists, Chomsky in particular, have tried to account for this similarity by positing that these two sentences are distinct ''surface forms'' that derive from a common (or very similar) deep structure. Origin Chomsky coined and popularized the terms "deep structure" and "surface structure" in the early 1960s. American linguist Sydney Lamb wrote in 1975 that Chomsky "probably orrowedthe term from Hockett". American linguist Charles Hockett first use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prague School
The Prague school or Prague linguistic circle is a language and literature society. It started in 1926 as a group of linguists, philologists and literary critics in Prague. Its proponents developed methods of structuralist literary analysis and a theory of the standard language and of language cultivation from 1928 to 1939. The linguistic circle was founded in the Café Derby in Prague, which is also where meetings took place during its first years. The Prague School has had a significant continuing influence on linguistics and semiotics. After the Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948, the circle was disbanded in 1952, but the Prague School continued as a major force in linguistic functionalism (distinct from the Copenhagen school or English Firthian – later Hallidean – linguistics). The American scholar Dell Hymes cites his 1962 paper "The Ethnography of Speaking" as the formal introduction of Prague functionalism to American linguistic anthropology. The Prague s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Topic–focus Articulation
In linguistics, the topic, or theme, of a sentence is what is being talked about, and the comment (rheme or focus) is what is being said about the topic. This division into old vs. new content is called information structure. It is generally agreed that clauses are divided into topic vs. comment, but in certain cases the boundary between them depends on which specific grammatical theory is being used to analyze the sentence. The topic of a sentence is distinct from the grammatical subject. The topic is defined by pragmatic considerations, that is, the context that provides meaning. The grammatical subject is defined by syntax. In any given sentence the topic and grammatical subject may be the same, but they need not be. For example, in the sentence "As for the little girl, the dog bit her", the subject is "the dog" but the topic is "the little girl". Topic being what is being talked about and the subject being what is doing the action can, also, be distinct concepts fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treebank
In linguistics, a treebank is a parsed text corpus that annotates syntactic or semantic sentence structure. The construction of parsed corpora in the early 1990s revolutionized computational linguistics, which benefitted from large-scale empirical data. Etymology The term ''treebank'' was coined by linguist Geoffrey Leech in the 1980s, by analogy to other repositories such as a seedbank or bloodbank. This is because both syntactic and semantic structure are commonly represented compositionally as a tree structure. The term ''parsed corpus'' is often used interchangeably with the term treebank, with the emphasis on the primacy of sentences rather than trees. Construction Treebanks are often created on top of a corpus that has already been annotated with part-of-speech tags. In turn, treebanks are sometimes enhanced with semantic or other linguistic information. Treebanks can be created completely manually, where linguists annotate each sentence with syntactic structur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Czech National Corpus
The Czech National Corpus (CNC) (Czech : Český národní korpus) is a large electronic corpus of written and spoken Czech language, developed by the Institute of the Czech National Corpus (ICNC) in the Faculty of Arts at Charles University in Prague. The collection is used for teaching and research in corpus linguistics. The ICNC collaborates with over 200 researchers and students (mainly for spoken and parallel data acquisition), 270 publishers (as text providers), and other similar research projects. Areas of focus The Czech National Corpus focuses systematically on the following areas: * Synchronic written corpora: the SYN-series corpora maps the Czech language of the 20th and 21st century (esp. the last twenty years) and forms the core of the project. Texts are enriched with metadata, lemmatization, and morphological tagging. * Contemporary spontaneous spoken Czech: The ORAL-series corpora contain contemporary, spontaneous spoken language used in informal situations throug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eva Hajičová
Eva Hajičová �ɛva ˈɦajɪt͡ʃovaː(born 23 August 1935) is a Czech linguist, specializing in topic–focus articulation and corpus linguistics. In 2006, she was awarded the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) Lifetime Achievement Award. She was named a fellow of the ACL in 2011. Biography Eva Hajičová got an undergraduate degree in English and Czech in 1958 from Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. She went on to graduate with a PhD and a DrSc (Doctor of Sciences) degree in general and computational linguistics. She works at her Alma mater, Charles University, where her research interest areas include corpus linguistics, as well as computational areas in semantic and syntactic sentence structure Her participation in research has reached many publications, organizations, and boards. Such journal involvements include “Kybernetika”, “Computers and Artificial Intelligence”, “ Journal of Pragmatics”, and “Linguistica Pragensia”. She al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
