|
Francophone Literature
Francophone literature is literature written in the French language. The existence of a plurality of literatures in the French language has been recognised, although the autonomy of these literatures is less defined than the plurality of literatures written in the English language. Writings in the French language from Belgium, Canada and Switzerland were recognised as belonging to distinct traditions long before writings from colonial territories of France. Writing in French by Africans was formerly classified as "colonial literature" and discussed as part of colonial studies for its ethnographical interest, rather than studied for its literary merit. Any texts in French from the colonies and territories that were considered to have merit were subsumed under the classification of French literature. The nature and importance of Francophone literature in various territories of the former French Empire depends on the concentration of French settlers, the length of time spent in co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serments De Strasbourg
The Oaths of Strasbourg were a military pact made on 14 February 842 by Charles the Bald and Louis the German against their older brother Lothair I, the designated heir of Louis the Pious, the successor of Charlemagne. One year later the Treaty of Verdun would be signed, with major consequences for Western Europe's geopolitical landscape. Louis the German swore his oath in an early form of Old French so that the soldiers of Charles the Bald could understand him. Likewise, the latter recited his in Old High German so that Louis's soldiers would understand. The Romance section of the Oaths is of special importance to historical linguistics, as it is the oldest extant document in France that was written deliberately and consistently in a form of Romance. Context Centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Charlemagne, who had conquered much of its former territory, announced its restoration. Upon his death, he passed this realm to his son Louis the Pious, who would i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literature Of Guadeloupe
Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, plays, and poems. It includes both print and digital writing. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed.; see also Homer. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment. It can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role. Literary criticism is one of the oldest academic disciplines, and is concerned with the literary merit or intellectual significance of specific texts. The study of books and other texts as artifacts or traditions is instead encompassed by textual criticism or the history of the book. "Literature", as an art form, is sometimes used synonymously with literary fiction, fiction written with the goal of artistic merit, but can also include works in various non-fiction genres, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literature Of Chad
Chadian literature has suffered greatly from the turmoil which has engulfed the country, economical and political. As with many cultures, literature in Chad began with folk tales and legends. While French is the dominant language, Arabic is also used by some Chadian writers. Chadian literature is more prevalent in France than in Chad itself, due to market demand and the repressive culture present in Chad. Chad's only literary critic, Ahmat Taboye, wrote '' Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne'' in 2003 to spread knowledge of Chadian literature. Though there are not very many well-known Chadian writers, there are a few, including Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui, Koulsy Lamko, Nimrod, and Noël Nétonon Ndjékéry. See also *Culture of Chad Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan bor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literature Of The Central African Republic
Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, plays, and poems. It includes both print and digital writing. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed.; see also Homer. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment. It can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role. Literary criticism is one of the oldest academic disciplines, and is concerned with the literary merit or intellectual significance of specific texts. The study of books and other texts as artifacts or traditions is instead encompassed by textual criticism or the history of the book. "Literature", as an art form, is sometimes used synonymously with literary fiction, fiction written with the goal of artistic merit, but can also include works in various non-fiction genres, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literature Of Cameroon
Cameroonian literature includes literature in French, English and indigenous languages. Overview Colonial-era writers such as Louis-Marie Pouka and Sankie Maimo were educated by European missionary societies and advocated assimilation into European culture as the means to bring Cameroon into the modern world. Jean-Louis Njemba Medu was a pioneering writer who published the science fiction novel '' Nnanga Kon'' in the Bulu language as early as 1932. After World War II, writers such as Mongo Beti and Ferdinand Oyono analysed and criticised colonialism and rejected assimilation. Other older generation writers include Guillaume Oyônô Mbia, Mbella Sonne Dipoko, Francis Bebey, René Philombé and kenjo Jumbam. Some critically acclaimed writers include Marcien Towa, Imbolo Mbue, Patrice Nganang, Calixthe Beyala, Bate Besong, Gaston-Paul Effa, Werewere Liking, Ba'bila Mutia, John Nkemngong Nkengasong, Bole Butake, Leonora Miano, Francis B Nyamnjoh and Linus T. As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literature Of Burundi
Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, plays, and poems. It includes both print and digital writing. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed.; see also Homer. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment. It can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role. Literary criticism is one of the oldest academic disciplines, and is concerned with the literary merit or intellectual significance of specific texts. The study of books and other texts as artifacts or traditions is instead encompassed by textual criticism or the history of the book. "Literature", as an art form, is sometimes used synonymously with literary fiction, fiction written with the goal of artistic merit, but can also include works in various non-fiction genres, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literature Of Burkina Faso
Burkinabé literature grew out of oral tradition, which remains important. In 1934, during French occupation, Dim-Dolobsom Ouedraogo published his ''Maximes, pensées et devinettes mossi'' (''Maxims, Thoughts and Riddles of the Mossi''), a record of the oral history of the Mossi people. The oral tradition continued to have an influence on Burkinabé writers in the post-independence Burkina Faso of the 1960s, such as Nazi Boni and Roger Nikiema. The 1960s saw a growth in the number of playwrights being published. Since the 1970s, literature has developed in Burkina Faso with many more writers being published. Early literature and colonial times Prior to colonisation, written literature was virtually absent in Burkina Faso, like much of Africa. The oral tradition has always been important to the many ethnic groups, sustaining the cultural diversity of the country. Culture has been transmitted orally through music and dance. This has been described by Titinga Frédéric Pacér� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literature Of Benin
Benin is a country in western Africa. It consists of a narrow wedge of territory extending northward for about from the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean, on which it has a 75-mile seacoast, to the Niger River, which forms part of Benin’s northern border with Niger. The official capital is Porto-Novo, but Cotonou is Benin’s largest city, its chief port, and its de factoadministrative capital. French is the official language and is usually used in literature, but there is also literature in Fon, Yom, Yoruba, Gen, Kabiyé, Tammari, Bariba, Fulfulde and other national languages. Folk stories and feminist works hold high significance in Benin literature. Oba of Benin The modern Republic of Benin (''La République du Bénin'') is not ruled by a king. The Oba of Benin is active in modern times as a literary figure in theater and literature. Historically, the ruler of the Kingdom of Dahomey was known as the Oba of Benin. In the oral tradition of Benin, the Oba (King) o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literature Of Algeria
Algerian literature has been influenced by many cultures, including the ancient Romans, Arabs, French, Spanish, and Berbers. The dominant languages in Algerian literature are French and Arabic. Modern notable Algerian writers include Kateb Yacine, Rachid Mimouni, Mouloud Mammeri, Mouloud Feraoun, Assia Djebar and Mohammed Dib. History The historical roots of Algerian literature trace back to the Numidian era, when Apuleius wrote The Golden Ass, the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety. Augustine of Hippo, Nonius Marcellus and Martianus Capella, among others, also wrote in this period. The Middle Ages also saw many Arabic writers revolutionize the Arab world literature with authors like Ahmad al-Buni and Ibn Manzur and Ibn Khaldoun, who wrote the Muqaddimah while staying in Algeria. During the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Algerian literature remained in Arabic, mainly in the style of short stories and poetry. In the 19th century, with the beginning of French colonialism, mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francophone Africa
African French () is the umbrella grouping of varieties of the French language spoken throughout Francophone Africa. Used mainly as a secondary language or ''lingua franca'', it is spoken by an estimated 320 million people across 34 countries and territories,29 full members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF): Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, DR Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, and Tunisia. One associate member of the OIF: Ghana.One observer of the OIF: Mozambique.One country not member or observer of the OIF: Algeria.Two French territories in Africa: Réunion and Mayotte. some of which are not Francophone, but merely members or observers of the '' Organisation internationale de la Francophonie' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
