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Flying Geese Paradigm
The is a view of Japanese scholars regarding technological development in Southeast Asia which sees Japan as a leading power. It was developed in the 1930s, but gained wider popularity in the 1960s, after its author, Kaname Akamatsu, published his ideas in the '' Journal of Developing Economies''. Akamatsu's third flying geese paradigm Akamatsu's third flying geese paradigm (FGP) is a model for the international division of labor in East Asia based on dynamic comparative advantage. The paradigm postulated that Asian nations will catch up with the West as a part of a regional hierarchy where the production of commoditized goods would continuously move from the more advanced countries to the less advanced ones. The underdeveloped nations in the region could be considered to be "aligned successively behind the advanced industrial nations in the order of their different stages of growth in a wild-geese-flying pattern." The lead goose in this pattern is Japan itself, the second-tier ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
V-formation
A V formation is a symmetric V- or Chevron (insignia), chevron-shaped Formation flying, flight formation. In nature, it occurs among goose, geese, swans, ducks, and other bird migration, migratory birds while in human aviation it is used mostly in military aviation, Air show, air shows, and occasionally commercial aviation. Flying in the V formation is thought by some to improve energy efficiency. Others hypothesize that it is the formation that most reliably allows a flock of large birds to fly very close together without any member of the flock being disturbed by the vortices of a bird flying ahead, while at the same time having the most favorable conditions for the optical perceptions to maintain the flight formation. Usually, large birds fly in this formation. V formations are thought to improve the fuel efficiency of aircraft. Aerodynamics The V formation possibly improves the efficiency of flying birds, particularly over long Bird migration, migratory routes. It is hypoth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Technology Transfer
Technology transfer (TT), also called transfer of technology (TOT), is the process of transferring (disseminating) technology from the person or organization that owns or holds it to another person or organization, in an attempt to transform inventions and scientific outcomes into new products and services that benefit society. Technology transfer is closely related to (and may arguably be considered a subset of) knowledge transfer. A comprehensive definition of technology transfer today includes the notion of collaborative process as it became clear that global challenges could be resolved only through the development of global solutions. Knowledge and technology transfer plays a crucial role in connecting innovation stakeholders and moving inventions from creators to public and private users. Intellectual property (IP) is an important instrument of technology transfer, as it establishes an environment conducive to sharing research results and technologies. Analysis in 2003 showe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foreign Relations Of Japan
The are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Japan maintains diplomatic relations with every United Nations member states, United Nations member state except for North Korea, in addition to UN observer states Holy See, as well as Kosovo, Cook Islands and Niue. Japanese foreign relations had earliest beginnings in the 5th century and after their opening to the world in 1854 with the Convention of Kanagawa. Japan rapidly modernized and built a strong military. It was imperialistic seeking control of nearby areas—with major wars against China and Russia. It gained control of parts of China and Manchuria, as well as Korea and islands such as Taiwan and Okinawa. It lost in World War II and was stripped of all of its foreign conquests and possessions. See History of Japanese foreign relations. American general Douglas MacArthur, acting for the Allied powers, supervised occupied Japan 1945–51. Since occupation ended diplo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
How Asia Got Rich
''How Asia Got Rich: Japan, China and the Asian Miracle'' is a 2002 non-fiction book by Edith Terry, published by M.E. Sharpe. The book argues that Japan was the main impetus for the development of East and Southeast Asia in the 20th century.Witzel, p. 221. Background The book took about ten years to develop. Edith Terry had a background as a journalist.Butler, p. 539. Contents The development of the philosophy of Japanese economics is the topic of the initial chapters. Edith Terry did not do original research in her economic analysis, and chose to use existing economic theory models instead of trying to make her own.Butler, p. 537. Terry included background information on people that John E. Butler (Chinese name: 畢約翰) of Hong Kong Polytechnic University characterized as ""trivial""; Butler theorized that this was so "Perhaps because of her journalist background". Reception Butler praised the book, stating that the "extremely well-written" book did not have redundant co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lost Decades
The Lost Decades are a lengthy period of economic stagnation in Japan precipitated by the asset price bubble's collapse beginning in 1990. The singular term originally referred to the 1990s, but the 2000s (Lost 20 Years, ) and the 2010s (Lost 30 Years, ) have been included by commentators as the phenomenon continued. From 1991 to 2003, the Japanese economy, as measured by GDP, grew only 1.14% annually, while the average real growth rate between 2000 and 2010 was about 1%, both well below other industrialized nations. Debt levels continued to rise due to the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession, the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the Fukushima nuclear disaster, and the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 recession. Broadly impacting the entire Japanese economy, over the period of 1995 to 2023, the country's nominal GDP fell from $5.33 trillion to $4.21 trillion, real wages fell around 11%, while the country experienced a stagnant or decreasing price l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Economic Miracle
The Japanese economic miracle () refers to a period of economic growth in the post–World War II Japan. It generally refers to the period from 1955, around which time the per capita gross national income of the country recovered to pre-war levels, and to the onset of the 1973 oil crisis. Before the war, Japan had achieved industrialisation from the second half of the 19th century, but light industry and agriculture remained the backbone of the economy, and poverty was widespread among the working class and peasants. Heavy industry was primarily focused on the military, such as aviation, shipbuilding, and military vehicles, rather than the production of civilian goods. The Second World War resulted in the loss of all its colonial possessions, and both the mainland's industrial capabilities and population were heavily damaged. After the war, the government was deep in debt, while the people suffered privation of vital supplies, which inevitably caused hyperinflation. Under the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kondratiev Cycle
In economics, Kondratiev waves (also called supercycles, great surges, long waves, K-waves or the long economic cycle) are hypothesized cycle-like phenomena in the modern world economy. The phenomenon is closely connected with the technology life cycle. It is stated that the period of a wave ranges from forty to sixty years, the cycles consist of alternating intervals of high sectoral growth and intervals of relatively slow growth.See, e.g. Long wave theory is not accepted by most academic economists. Among economists who accept it, there is a lack of agreement about both the cause of the waves and the start and end years of particular waves. Among critics of the theory, the consensus is that it involves recognizing patterns that may not exist (apophenia). History of concept The Soviet economist Nikolai Kondratiev (also written Kondratieff or Kondratyev) was the first to bring these observations to international attention in his book ''The Long Waves in Economic Life'' (192 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overproduction
In economics, overproduction, oversupply, excess of supply, or glut refers to excess of supply over demand of products being offered to the market. This leads to lower prices and/or unsold goods along with the possibility of unemployment. The demand side equivalent is underconsumption; some consider supply and demand two sides to the same coin – excess supply is only relative to a given demand, and insufficient demand is only relative to a given supply – and thus consider overproduction and underconsumption equivalent. In lean thinking, overproduction of goods or goods in process is seen as one of the seven wastes (Japanese term: '' muda'') which do not add value to a product, and is considered "the most serious" of the seven.EKU OnlineThe Seven Wastes of Lean Manufacturing ''Eastern Kentucky University'', accessed 6 March 2023 Overproduction is often attributed to previous overinvestment – creation of excess productive capacity, which must then either lie idle ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consumer Electronics
Consumer electronics, also known as home electronics, are electronic devices intended for everyday household use. Consumer electronics include those used for entertainment, Communication, communications, and recreation. Historically, these products were referred to as "black goods" in American English due to many products being housed in black or dark casings. This term is used to distinguish them from "white goods", which are meant for housekeeping tasks, such as Washing machine, washing machines and Refrigerator, refrigerators. In British English, they are often called "brown goods" by producers and sellers. Since the 2010s, this distinction has been absent in Big-box store, big box Consumer electronics store, consumer electronics stores, whose inventories include entertainment, communication, and home office devices, as well as home appliances. Radio broadcasting in the early 20th century brought the first major consumer product, the radio receiver, broadcast receiver. Later ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania. Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia (continent), Australia and the Indian Ocean. Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of Atolls of the Maldives, 26 atolls of the Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. Mainland Southeast Asia is entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. Timor-Leste and the southern portion of Indonesia are the parts of Southeast Asia that lie south of the equator. The region lies near the intersection of Plate tectonics, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
