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Five By Five
A signal strength and readability report is a standardized format for reporting the strength of the radio signal and the readability (quality) of the radiotelephone (voice) or Wireless telegraphy, radiotelegraph (Morse code) signal transmitted by another station as received at the reporting station's location and by their radio station equipment. These report formats are usually designed for only one communications mode or the other, although a few are used for both telegraph and voice communications. All but one of these signal report formats involve the transmission of numbers. History As the earliest radio communication used Morse code, all radio signal reporting formats until about the 1920s were for radiotelegraph, and the early voice radio signal report formats were based on the telegraph report formats. Timeline of signal report formats * The first signal report format code may have been QJS. * The U.S. Navy used R and K signals starting in 1929. * The QSK code was on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radiotelephone
A radiotelephone (or radiophone), abbreviated RT, is a radio communication system for conducting a conversation; radiotelephony means telephony by radio. It is in contrast to ''radiotelegraphy'', which is radio transmission of telegrams (messages), or ''television'', transmission of video, moving pictures and sound. The term is related to radio broadcasting, which transmit audio one way to listeners. Radiotelephony refers specifically to two-way radio systems for bidirectional person-to-person voice communication between separated users, such as CB radio or marine radio. In spite of the name, radiotelephony systems are not necessarily connected to or have anything to do with the public switched telephone network, telephone network, and in some radio services, including General Mobile Radio Service, GMRS, interconnection is prohibited. Design Mode of emission The word ''phone'' has a long precedent beginning with early US wired voice systems. The term means ''voice'' as oppos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Blackboard Jungle
''Blackboard Jungle'' is a 1955 American social drama film about an English teacher in an interracial inner-city school, based on the 1954 novel ''The Blackboard Jungle'' by Evan Hunter and adapted for the screen and directed by Richard Brooks. It is remembered for its innovative use of rock and roll in its soundtrack, for casting grown adults as high-school teens, and for the unique breakout role of a black cast member, Sidney Poitier, as a rebellious yet musically talented student. In 2016, ''Blackboard Jungle'' was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Plot In the mid-1950s, Richard Dadier is a new teacher at North Manual Trades High School, an inner-city school of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Led by student Gregory Miller, most engage in anti-social behavior. The school principal, Mr. Warneke, denies there are discipline issues, but the school faculty, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operating Signals
Operating signals are a type of brevity code used in operational communication among radio and telegraph operators. For example: * Prosigns for Morse code * Wire signal#92 Code, 92 Code: telegraph brevity codes * Q code: initially developed for commercial radiotelegraph communication and adopted by other radio services * QN Signals: published by the ARRL and used in Amateur radio * R and S brevity codes: published by the British Post Office in 1908 for coastal wireless stations and ships, superseded in 1912 by Q codes * X code: used by European military services in wireless telegraphy * Z code: used in early radiotelegraph communication See also * Brevity code * SINPO code - code used to describe the quality of radio transmissions, especially in reception reports written by shortwave listeners * R-S-T system- information about the quality of a radio signal being received. Used by amateur radio operators, shortwave listeners. * Morse code abbreviations * Telegraphese External l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Phrases
English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Culture, language and peoples * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England * ''English'', an Amish term for non-Amish, regardless of ethnicity * English studies, the study of English language and literature Media * ''English'' (2013 film), a Malayalam-language film * ''English'' (novel), a Chinese book by Wang Gang ** ''English'' (2018 film), a Chinese adaptation * ''The English'' (TV series), a 2022 Western-genre miniseries * ''English'' (play), a 2022 play by Sanaz Toossi People and fictional characters * English (surname), a list of people and fictional characters * English Fisher (1928–2011), American boxing coach * English Gardner (born 1992), American track and field sprinter * English McConnell (1882–1928), Irish footballer * Aiden English, a ring name of Matthew Rehwoldt (born 1987), American former professional wrestle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Procedure Word
Procedure words (abbreviated to prowords) are words or phrases limited to radiotelephony procedure used to facilitate Telecommunication, communication by conveying information in a condensed standard verbal format. Prowords are voice versions of the much older prosigns for Morse code, procedural signs for Morse code which were first developed in the 1860s for Electrical telegraph, Morse telegraphy, and their meaning is identical. The NATO communications manual ACP-125 contains the most formal and perhaps earliest modern (post-World War II) glossary of prowords, but its definitions have been adopted by many other organizations, including the United Nations Development Programme, the U.S. Coast Guard, US Civil Air Patrol, US Military Auxiliary Radio System, and others. Prowords are one of several structured parts of radio voice procedures, including brevity codes and plain language radio checks. Examples According to the U.S. Marine Corps training document FMSO 108, "understandi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perceptual Objective Listening Quality Analysis
P.OLQA was the working title of an ITU-T standard that covers a model to predict speech quality by means of analyzing digital speech signals. The model was standardized as Recommendation ITU-T P.863 (Perceptual objective listening quality assessment) in 2011. The second edition of the standard appeared in 2014, and the third, currently in-force edition was adopted in 2018 under the title Perceptual objective listening quality prediction. P.863 is known in the field under the name POLQA, which is often misinterpreted as "Perceptual Objective Listening Quality Analysis", but in fact, POLQA is no abbreviation and the "P" in the name stems from the P Series of ITU-T Recommendations. Measurement scope POLQA covers a model to predict speech quality, by means of digital speech signal analysis. The predictions of those objective measures should come as close as possible to subjective quality scores as obtained in subjective listening tests. Usually, a Mean Opinion Score (MOS) is predict ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perceptual Evaluation Of Speech Quality
Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) is a family of standards comprising a test methodology for automated assessment of the speech quality as experienced by a user of a telephony system. It was standardized as Recommendation ITU-T P.862 in 2001. PESQ is used for objective voice quality testing by phone manufacturers, network equipment vendors and telecom operators. Its usage requires a license. The first edition of PESQ's successor POLQA (Recommendation ITU-T P.863) entered into force in 2011. Measurement scope PESQ was developed to model subjective tests commonly used in telecommunications (e.g., Recommendation ITU-T P.800) to assess the voice quality perceived by human beings. Consequently, it employs true voice samples as test signals. In order to characterize the listening quality as perceived by users, it is of paramount importance to load modern telecom equipment with speech-like signals. Many systems are optimized for speech and would respond in an unpredictable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mean Opinion Score
Mean opinion score (MOS) is a measure used in the domain of Quality of Experience and telecommunications engineering, representing overall quality of a stimulus or system. It is the arithmetic mean over all individual "values on a predefined scale that a subject assigns to his opinion of the performance of a system quality". Such ratings are usually gathered in a subjective quality evaluation test, but they can also be algorithmically estimated. MOS is a commonly used measure for video, audio, and audiovisual quality evaluation, but not restricted to those modalities. ITU-T has defined several ways of referring to a MOS in RecommendatioITU-T P.800.1 depending on whether the score was obtained from audiovisual, conversational, listening, talking, or video quality tests. Rating scales and mathematical definition The MOS is expressed as a single rational number, typically in the range 1–5, where 1 is lowest perceived quality, and 5 is the highest perceived quality. Other MOS rang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circuit Merit
The Circuit Merit system is a measurement process designed to assess the voice-to-noise ratio in wired and wireless telephone circuits, especially the AMPS system, and although its reporting scale is sometimes used as input for calculating mean opinion score, the rating system is officially defined relative to given ranges of voice-to-noise ratios. Various technical sources state that experimental research vary in what ratio is required for good understanding, but is typically above 20 dB, and noticeably higher reports of voice quality can be achieved when the ratio is near 30 dB. There are 5 levels of quality, detailed as follows: Measurement of audio speech-to-noise ratios in a way which reflects interfering effects in a meaningful manner is difficult for the kinds of noise often encountered at mobile system receivers. For this reason and as a matter of convenience, a subjective rating of the interfering effect of the noise using the term “circuit merit” is comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gemini IV
Gemini 4 (officially Gemini IV) With Gemini IV, NASA changed to Roman numerals for Gemini mission designations. was the second crewed spaceflight in NASA's Project Gemini, occurring in June 1965. It was the tenth crewed American spaceflight (including two X-15 flights at altitudes exceeding ). Astronauts James McDivitt and Ed White orbited the Earth 66 times in four days, making it the first US flight to approach the five-day flight of the Soviet Vostok 5. The highlight of the mission was the first space walk by an American, during which White floated free outside the spacecraft, tethered to it, for approximately 23 minutes. The flight also included the first attempt to make a space rendezvous as McDivitt attempted to maneuver his craft close to the Titan II upper stage which launched it into orbit, but this was not successful. The flight was the first American flight to perform many scientific experiments in space, including use of a sextant to investigate the use of celest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cliff Effect
In telecommunications, the (digital) cliff effect or brick-wall effect is a sudden loss of digital signal reception. Unlike analog signals, which gradually fade when signal strength decreases or electromagnetic interference or multipath increases, a digital signal provides data which is either perfect or non-existent at the receiving end. It is named for a graph of reception quality versus signal quality, where the digital signal "falls off a cliff" instead of having a gradual rolloff. This is an example of an EXIT chart. The phenomenon is primarily seen in broadcasting, where signal strength is liable to vary, rather than in recorded media, which generally have a good signal. However, it may be seen in significantly damaged media that is at the edge of readability. Broadcasting Digital television This effect can most easily be seen on digital television, including both satellite TV and over-the-air terrestrial TV. While forward error correction is applied to the broa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wireless Telegraphy
Wireless telegraphy or radiotelegraphy is the transmission of text messages by radio waves, analogous to electrical telegraphy using electrical cable, cables. Before about 1910, the term ''wireless telegraphy'' was also used for other experimental technologies for transmitting telegraph signals without wires. In radiotelegraphy, information is transmitted by pulses of radio waves of two different lengths called "dots" and "dashes", which spell out text messages, usually in Morse code. In a manual system, the sending operator taps on a switch called a telegraph key which turns the transmitter on and off, producing the pulses of radio waves. At the radio receiver, receiver the pulses are audible in the receiver's speaker as beeps, which are translated back to text by an operator who knows Morse code. Radiotelegraphy was the first means of radio communication. The first practical radio transmitters and radio receiver, receivers invented in 1894–1895 by Guglielmo Marconi used radi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
