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Filasterea
Filasterea is a proposed basal Filozoan clade of single-celled ameboid eukaryotes that includes '' Ministeria'' and '' Capsaspora''. It is a sister clade to the Choanozoa in which the Choanoflagellatea and Animals appeared, originally proposed by Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. in 2008, based on a phylogenomic analysis with 78 genes. Filasterea was found to be the sister-group to the clade composed of Metazoa and Choanoflagellata within the Opisthokonta, a finding that has been further corroborated with additional, more taxon-rich, phylogenetic analyses. Etymology From Latin ''filum'' meaning "thread" and Greek ''aster'' meaning "star", it indicates the main morphological features shared by all their integrants: small, rounded amoeboids with a mononucleated cellular body, covered in long and radiating cell protrusions known as filopodia. These filopodia may be involved in substrate adhesion and capture of prey. Applications There are currently cultures from two filasterean species: ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holozoa
Holozoa () is a clade of organisms that includes animals and their closest single-celled relatives, but excludes fungi and all other organisms. Together they amount to more than 1.5 million species of purely heterotrophic organisms, including around 300 unicellular species. It consists of various subgroups, namely Metazoa (or animals) and the protists Choanoflagellata, Filasterea, Pluriformea and Ichthyosporea. Along with fungi and some other groups, Holozoa is part of the Opisthokonta, a supergroup of eukaryotes. Choanofila was previously used as the name for a group similar in composition to Holozoa, but its usage is discouraged now because it excludes animals and is therefore paraphyletic. The holozoan protists play a crucial role in understanding the evolutionary steps leading to the emergence of multicellular animals from single-celled ancestors. Recent genomic studies have shed light on the evolutionary relationships between the various holozoan lineages, revealin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministeria Vibrans
''Ministeria vibrans'' is a bacterivorous amoeba with filopodia that lives suspended by a flagellum-derived stalk attached to the substrate. The life cycle of ''Ministeria'' remains unknown. Taxonomy Two ''Ministeria'' species have been reported so far, both of them from coastal marine water samples: ''M. vibrans'' and ''M. marisola''. However, there is currently only one culture available, that of ''Ministeria vibrans.'' Evolution ''M. vibrans'' occupies a key position in understanding animal origins. It is a member of the Filasterea, that is the sister-group to Choanoflagellatea and Metazoa. Microvilli in ''Ministeria'' suggest their presence in the common ancestor of Filasterea and Choanoflagellata. The kinetid structure of ''Ministeria'' is similar to that of the choanocytes of the most deep-branching sponges, differing essentially from the kinetid of choanoflagellates. Thus, kinetid and microvilli of ''Ministeria'' illustrate features of the common ancestor of three hol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capsasporidae
''Capsaspora'' is a monotypic genus of protists containing the single species ''Capsaspora owczarzaki. C. owczarzaki'' is a single-celled eukaryote that occupies a key phylogenetic position in our understanding of the origin of animal multicellularity, as one of the closest unicellular relatives to animals. It is, together with '' Ministeria vibrans'', a member of the Filasterea clade. This amoeboid protist has been pivotal to unraveling the nature of the unicellular ancestor of animals, which has been proved to be much more complex than previously thought. Description ''C. owczarzaki'' was originally described as an amoeba-like “symbiont” of the fresh-water snail '' Biomphalaria glabrata''. The amoebae were obtained from the haemolymph of snails originally sampled in Puerto Rico. ''C. owczarzaki''’s life cycle comprises 3 different stages with three different cell types, which was reported in 2017. Under culture conditions, ''C. owczarzaki’''s filopodial cells crawl a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministeriidae
''Ministeria'' is a genus of Filasterea. The species can be found in the North Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for se ... and in British waters. References ''Ministeria''at WoRMS Filasterea Eukaryote genera Opisthokont genera {{Holozoa-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministeria
''Ministeria'' is a genus of Filasterea. The species can be found in the North Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for se ... and in British waters. References ''Ministeria''at WoRMS Filasterea Eukaryote genera Opisthokont genera {{Holozoa-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministeria Marisola
''Ministeria'' is a genus of Filasterea. The species can be found in the North Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for se ... and in British waters. References ''Ministeria''at WoRMS Filasterea Eukaryote genera Opisthokont genera {{Holozoa-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filozoa
The Filozoa are a monophyletic grouping within the Opisthokonta. They include animals and their nearest unicellular relatives (organisms which are more closely related to animals than to fungi or Mesomycetozoa). Three groups are currently included within the clade Filozoa: * Group Filasterea - recently described to include the genera '' Ministeria'' and '' Capsaspora'' * Group Choanoflagellatea - collared flagellates * Kingdom Animalia - the group of which all extant animals belong to Etymology The name Filozoa originates from the Latin word ''filum'' meaning "thread" and the Greek word ''zōion'' meaning "animal". Phylogeny Below is a phylogenetic tree of Filozoa and the groups most closely related to the Filozoa : Characteristics The ancestral opisthokont cell is assumed to have possessed slender filose (thread-like) projections or 'tentacles'. In some opisthokonts (Mesomycetozoa and '' Corallochytrium'') these were lost. They are retained in Filozoa, where they are sim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Txikisporidae
''Txikispora'' is a genus of parasitic protists made up solely of the species ''Txikispora philomaios''. It is the only genus in the family Txikisporidae, which is a member of the class Filasterea and is closely related to Ministeriidae. The lineage was first described in 2022 based on specimens identified from the United Kingdom. The species represents a previously undiscovered type of life that diverged extremely early from animals and fungi. It parasitizes amphipods in the genera ''Echinogammarus'' and ''Orchestia'' and most frequently infects their hemolymph and hemocytes. Description The species goes through several stages of life. The first is as a single spherical cell, called the monokaryotic stage. It usually has a cell wall, and is characterized by a nucleus with a small nucleolus on its periphery and many small mitochondria with diverse lipoid structures. The next stage is multinucleated, and consists of four cells joined together and is somewhat larger. It appear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
