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Femoxetine
Femoxetine (INN; tentative brand name Malexil; developmental code name FG-4963) is a drug related to paroxetine that was being developed as an antidepressant by Danish pharmaceutical company Ferrosan in 1975 before acquisition of the company by Novo Nordisk. It acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Development was halted to focus attention on paroxetine instead, as femoxetine could not be administered as a daily pill. Both femoxetine and paroxetine were invented in the 1970s. Jørgen Anders Christensen's name is on the patents and Jorgen Buus-Lassen's name is on the pharmacology paper. After Ferrosan's acquisition, femoxetine died from neglect. In a separate patent, Ferrosan stated that Femoxetine could be used as an appetite suppressant, using ten times the dosage than for paroxetine, 300 - 400mg daily. Femoxetine has the same stereochemical properties as Nocaine, another agent with a similar structure claimed to have been synthesized using arecoline as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and other psychological conditions. SSRIs primarily work by blocking serotonin reabsorption (reuptake) via the serotonin transporter, leading to gradual changes in brain signaling and receptor regulation, with some also interacting with sigma-1 receptors, particularly fluvoxamine, which may contribute to cognitive effects. Marketed SSRIs include six main antidepressants— citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline—while dapoxetine is indicted for premature ejaculation. Fluoxetine has been approved for veterinary use in treatment of canine separation anxiety. SSRIs are the most widely prescribed antidepressants in many countries. Their effectiveness, especially for mild to moderate depression, remains debated due to mixed research findings and concerns abo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nocaine
(+)-CPCA (nocaine, 3α-carbomethoxy-4β-(4-chlorophenyl)-''N''-methylpiperidine aka CTDP 31,446) is a stimulant drug similar in structure to pethidine (an opioid that possesses NDRI actions) and to RTI-31, but nocaine lacks the two-carbon bridge of RTI-31's tropane skeleton. This compound was first developed as a substitute agent for cocaine. Since then, many substituted phenylpiperidine derivatives have been discovered, hybridizing the basic nocaine structure with that of other similar molecules such as methylphenidate, meperidine and modafinil to create a large family of derivatives with a range of activity profiles and potential applications. This is a significant field of research with much ongoing work, with dozens of novel compounds having been developed although none have yet come to market. The nocaine family includes a diverse assortment of piperidine based cocaine mimetics. The parent compound nocaine was developed in an attempt to create a substitute drug for cocai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arecoline
Arecoline is a cholinergic agent, stimulant, and natural product, naturally occurring alkaloid found in areca nut, areca (betel) nuts of the areca palm (''Areca catechu'') found in South Asia, South and Southeast Asia. Its effects, depending on the dose, include stimulation, alertness, increased concentration, nootropic, cognitive enhancement, mood lift, elation, euphoriant, euphoria, aphrodisiac, pro-sexual effects, mental relaxation, relaxation, anxiolytic, reduced anxiety, and sedation, as well as drug addiction, addiction and drug withdrawal, withdrawal symptoms upon drug discontinuation, discontinuation. Its effects are described as subtle and it has been likened to a strong cup of coffee. There are also active constituents of areca nuts, but arecoline is the key active component, with a percentage of ~0.3 to 0.6%. Areca nuts are drug administration, administered by chewing for 5 to 20minutes without swallowing. Side effects of arecoline include hypersalivation, hypotensio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alaproclate
Alaproclate (developmental code name GEA-654) is a drug that was being developed as an antidepressant by the Swedish pharmaceutical company Astra AB (now AstraZeneca) in the 1970s. It acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), and along with zimelidine and indalpine, was one of the first of its kind. Development was discontinued due to the observation of liver complications in rodent studies. In addition to its SSRI properties, alaproclate has been found to act as a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, but does not have discriminative stimulus properties similar to phencyclidine (PCP). The drug is similar in chemical structure to chlorphentermine, cloforex, and cericlamine, but is not itself a phenethylamine or amphetamine as it has an oxygen atom in place of the amine nitrogen. Alaproclate was first described in the scientific literature by 1978. Synthesis : The Grignard reagent, methylmagnesium iodide, reacts with methyl 4-chlorophenylacetate (1) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muscarinic Antagonists
A muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, also simply known as a muscarinic antagonist or as an antimuscarinic agent, is a type of anticholinergic drug that blocks the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The muscarinic receptors are proteins involved in the transmission of signals through certain parts of the nervous system, and muscarinic receptor antagonists work to prevent this transmission from occurring. Notably, muscarinic antagonists reduce the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. The normal function of the parasympathetic system is often summarised as "rest-and-digest", and includes slowing of the heart, an increased rate of digestion, narrowing of the airways, promotion of urination, and sexual arousal. Muscarinic antagonists counter this parasympathetic "rest-and-digest" response, and also work elsewhere in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Drugs with muscarinic antagonist activity are widely used in medicine, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antidepressants
Antidepressants are a class of medications used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, chronic pain, and addiction. Common side effects of antidepressants include dry mouth, weight gain, dizziness, headaches, akathisia, sexual dysfunction, and emotional blunting. There is an increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior when taken by children, adolescents, and young adults. Discontinuation syndrome, which resembles recurrent depression in the case of the SSRI class, may occur after stopping the intake of any antidepressant. Research regarding the effectiveness of antidepressants for depression in adults is controversial and has found both benefits and drawbacks. Meanwhile, evidence of benefit in children and adolescents is unclear, even though antidepressant use has considerably increased in children and adolescents in the 2000s. While a 2018 study found that the 21 most commonly prescribed antidepressant medications were slightly more effective than p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zimelidine
Zimelidine (International Nonproprietary Name, INN, British Approved Name, BAN; brand names Zimeldine, Normud, Zelmid) was one of the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants to be marketed. It is a pyridylallylamine, and is structurally different from other antidepressants. Zimelidine was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by Arvid Carlsson, who was then working for the Sweden, Swedish company AstraZeneca, Astra AB. It was invented following a search for drugs with structures similar to brompheniramine (it is a derivative (chemistry), derivative of brompheniramine), an antihistamine with antidepressant activity. Zimelidine was first sold in 1982. While zimelidine had a very favorable safety profile, within a year and a half of its introduction, rare case reports of Guillain–Barré syndrome emerged that appeared to be caused by the drug, prompting its manufacturer to withdraw it from the market. After its withdrawal, it was succeeded by fluv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indalpine
Indalpine, sold under the brand name Upstène, is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that was briefly marketed as an antidepressant for treatment of depression. It was marketed in France and a few other European countries. Indalpine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and antihistamine. Indalpine was invented by 1977 and was introduced for medical use in France in 1983. Two years later, in 1985, it was withdrawn from the market due to toxicity. Indalpine has sometimes been said to be the first SSRI. However, it was preceded by the SSRI zimelidine (Zelmid), which was invented in 1969 and was introduced to the market in 1981 (then similarly withdrawn due to toxicity in 1983). Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Indalpine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and antihistamine. Chemistry Indalpine is an indole and is structurally similar to tryptamines but is not a tryptamine itself. Synthesis : Metalation of indole (1) using methyl magn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
