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Fahlavīyāt
''Fahlaviyat'' (), also spelled ''fahlavi'' (), was a designation for poetry composed in the local northwestern Iranian dialects and languages of the Fahla region, which comprised Isfahan, Ray, Hamadan, Mah Nahavand, and Azerbaijan, corresponding to the ancient region of Media. ''Fahlaviyat'' is an Arabicized form of the Persian word Pahlavi, which originally meant Parthian, but now came to mean "heroic, old, ancient." According to the historians Siavash Lornejad and Ali Doostzadeh, the ''Fahlaviyat'' used in Azerbaijan was called Old Azeri. In some texts, ''Fahlaviyat'' has been called ''Awrama''n as well. This is because these poems were sung to melodies known as ''Awraman'' or ''ōrāmanān'', which appears to be linked to the name of the Avroman region in Kurdistan. ''Fahlaviyat'', which was descended from Median dialects, had been substantially impacted by the Persian language, and also had linguistic similarities with the Parthian language. The oldest ''fahlaviyat'' qua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Iranian Languages
The Western Iranian languages or Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median. Languages The traditional Northwestern branch is a convention for non-Southwestern languages, rather than a genetic group. The languages are as follows:Erik Anonby, Mortaza Taheri-Ardali & Amos Hayes (2019) ''The Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI)''. Iranian Studies 52A Working Classification/ref> Old Iranian period * Northwest: Median†, etc. * Southwest: Old Persian†, etc. Middle Iranian period * Northwest: Parthian†, etc. * Southwest: Middle Persian†, etc Modern period (Neo-Iranian) * Northwestern Iranian ** Caspian *** Gorgani† *** Daylami† *** Gilaki (incl. Rudbari) *** Mazandarani (incl. Tabari, Shahmirzadi, Ilikaei, katuli) ** Semnani *** Semnani *** Sangisari *** Lasgerdi- Sorkhei (incl. Aftari) ** Adharic (Azaric) *** Old Adhari† **** Tatic ***** Talysh (north-central) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sufism
Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are referred to as "Sufis" (from , ), and historically typically belonged to "orders" known as (pl. ) — congregations formed around a grand (saint) who would be the last in a Silsilah, chain of successive teachers linking back to Muhammad, with the goal of undergoing (self purification) and the hope of reaching the Maqam (Sufism), spiritual station of . The ultimate aim of Sufis is to seek the pleasure of God by endeavoring to return to their original state of purity and natural disposition, known as . Sufism emerged early on in Islamic history, partly as a reaction against the expansion of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and mainly under the tutelage of Hasan al-Basri. Although Sufis were opposed to dry legalism, they strictly obs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bundar Razi
Bundar Razi () was an Iranian poet of the 10th and 11th centuries, who composed poetry in New Persian and his own local dialect. A native of Ray, Bundar served at the court of the Buyid ruler Majd al-Dawla (). According to the modern historian Hassan Rezai Baghbidi, while the local dialect that Bundar wrote in has been called Fahlawi or even Daylami Daylami (20 April 1994 – 5 April 2023) was a Thoroughbred Champion racehorse and sire who was bred in Ireland, but trained in France, Dubai and the United Kingdom. In a career which lasted from 1996 until 1999, he raced in five different ..., it is in reality the Razi dialect. References Sources * * * * {{Encyclopaedia Iranica , volume=9 , fascicle=2 , title = Fahlavīyāt , last = Tafazzoli , first = Ahmad , url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fahlaviyat , pages = 158–162 Buyid-period poets 10th-century Iranian writers 11th-century Iranian people People from Ray, Iran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Humam-i Tabrizi
Humam-i Tabrizi (; 1238/39 – 1314/15), was a Sufi poet of the Ilkhanate era, who composed works in Persian, as well as some in Arabic. He was one of the most distinguished figures of his time due to his poetry, teachings, piety, and Sufi spirituality. Humam spent most of his life in the city of Tabriz, where he became an influential figure. He became close to the Juvayni family, who lent him political and cultural protection, and helped him establish a ''khanqah'' (Sufi lodge) in Tabriz. Following the execution of his Juvayni patron Shams al-Din Juvayni in 1284, Humam managed to find support amongst other political figures, such as Rashid al-Din Hamadani. Humam died at the age of 78, and was buried in the Sorkhab district of Tabriz. Most of his poetry was in the form of a ''ghazal'', and followed the same style and tone of that of his contemporary Saadi Shirazi. He also wrote two ''masnavis'' (poem in rhyming couplets), the ''Suhbat-nama'' ("Book of companionship") and ''Kitab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maghrebi Tabrizi
Muhammad Shirin Maghribi () was a Sufism, Sufi poet and scholar, who is considered one of leading composers of Persian mysticism, Persian mystical poetry in the 14th-century. Life Of Persians, Persian stock, Maghribi was born in 1349 in the village of Ammand, East Azerbaijan, Ammand, near the city of Tabriz. The area was part of the Azerbaijan (Iran), Azerbaijan region of northwestern Iran, which was then controlled by the Mongols, Mongol Chobanids, Chobanid dynasty. His full name was "Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Izz al-Din Adil ibn Yusuf", while his ''takhallus'' (pen-name) was "Maghribi." The name, meaning "western", is a reference to Maghribi's spiritual inspiration coming from Ibn Arabi (died 1240), who was of "western" (Al-Andalus, Andalusian) origin. The two centuries that followed after Ibn Arabi's death, the majority of figures that followed and spread his teachings were from the Persianate world, Maghribi being one of them. Maghribi spread Ibn Arabi's teachings through or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Safi-ad-din Ardabili
Safi-ad-Din Ardabili ( ''Ṣāfī ad-Dīn Isḥāq Ardabīlī''; 1252/3 – 1334) was a poet, Mysticism, mystic, teacher and Sufism, Sufi master. He was the son-in-law and spiritual heir of the Sufi master Zahed Gilani, whose order—the Zahediyeh—he reformed and renamed the Safaviyya, which he led from 1301 to 1334. Safi was the eponymous ancestor of the Safavid dynasty, which ruled Iran from 1501 to 1736. Background Safi was born in 1252/3 in the town of Ardabil, located in Azerbaijan (Iran), Azerbaijan—a region corresponding to the northwestern part of Iran—then under Mongol rule. The town—a commercial centre during this period—was situated in a mountainous area, near the Caspian Sea. Safi's father was Amin al-Din Jibrail, while his mother was named Dawlati. The family was of Kurds, Kurdish origin,Muḥammad Kamāl, ''Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy'', Ashgate Publishing Inc, 2006, p. 24./ref> and spoke Persian language, Persian as their primary language. The l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baba Tahir
Baba Tahir or Baba Taher Oryan Hamadani () was an 11th-century dervish poet from Hamadan, Iran who lived during the reign of Tugril of the Seljuk dynasty over Iran. This is almost all that is known of him as he lived a mysterious lifestyle. Although the prefix "Baba" (roughly meaning 'The Wise' or 'The Respected') has been thought as part of his name in all known sources, his nickname "Oryan" (meaning 'The Naked') did not appear until about 17th century. It is likely that the nickname was attributed to him because he seemed to lead a very spiritual and stoic lifestyle and thus was figuratively not clothed with worldly and material needs and suggests he may have been a wandering dervish. His poetry is written in the Hamadani dialect of the Persian language. L. P. Elwell-Sutton theorises that Baba Tahir wrote in the Hamadani dialect, adding: "Most traditional sources call it loosely Luri, while the name commonly applied from an early date to verses of this kind, Fahlaviyat, presu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayn Al-Quzat Hamadani
Ayn-al-Qużāt Hamadānī, also spelled Ain-al Quzat Hamedani or ʿAyn-al Qudat Hamadhani (1098–1131) (), was a Persian jurist, mystic, philosopher, poet and mathematician who was executed at the age of 33. Title ''Ayn-al-Qużat'' in Arabic means "the pearl of the judges": ''Ayn'' means the eye, implying something very valuable, and ''Qozat'' is the plural of ''Qadi'', which means judge. Life Ayn al-Quzat was born in Hamedan and his ancestors were of Hamedan judges. His full name is Abu’l-maʿālī ʿabdallāh Bin Abībakr Mohammad Mayānejī (). He was a disciple of Ahmad Ghazali and devoted of Hallaj. He became a famous scholar at early age, and by the time he was thirty he was chosen to be a judge. Along with Abu Hamed Al-Ghazali, he is one of the founders of doctrinal Sufism. According to some accounts, he was briefly a pupil of Omar Khayyam. Upon his return from pilgrimage, Khayyam likely stayed in Hamadan for some time. It is possible that during his stay he beca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Awhadi Maraghai
Awhadi Maraghei (also spelled Auhadi; ) (1274/75–1338) was a Persian Sufi poet primarily based in Azerbaijan during the rule of the Mongol Ilkhanate. He is usually surnamed "Maraghai", but also mentioned as Awhadi Esfahani because his father hailed from Isfahan and he himself spent part of his life there. He first chose the pen-name Safi, but changed it to Awhadi after becoming a devotee of the school of the famous mystic Awhad al-Din Kermani. Life His full name was Awhad al-Din (or Rukn al-Din) ibn Husayn Isfahani. According to a verse in his ''Mathnawi-yi Jam-i jam'', Awhadi was born in the city of Isfahan in . He most likely lived there until his later teens. At the start of the 1290s, Awhadi went on a long trip, visiting various places, such as Basra, Baghdad, Damascus, Sultaniyya, Karbala, Kufa, Najaf, Qum and Hamadan. He also briefly lived in Mecca. In , Awhadi permanently settled in Maragha, but would also regularly visit Tabriz to the north, which was a day's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Al-Qadir Maraghi
Abd al-Qadir al-Maraghi ibn Ghaybi (; ) was a music theorist, composer and performer of the Timurid Empire. A renowned writer on music and musician, his theories had a profound influence on subsequent Persian, Arab, and Turkish music. Life Abd al-Qadir al-Maraghi ibn Ghaybi was born Maragh of the Timurid Empire during the mid 14th century, to a Persian family. He had become one of the court minstrels of the Jalayirid Sultan al-Husayn around 1379. Under Sultan Ahmad Jalayirid, he was appointed the chief court minstrel. When Timur captured Baghdad in 1393, he was transported to Samarqand, which was the capital of the Timurid dynasty. In 1399, he was in Tabriz at the service of Timur's wayward son Miran Shah. Abdl al-Qadir was blamed for the erratic conduct of Miranshah, and Timur acted swiftly in order to capture him. But Abd al-Qadir was forewarned and escaped to the Jalayrid court of Sultan Ahmad in Baghdad. Timur again recaptured Baghdad in 1401 and took Abd al-Qadir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homam Tabrizi
Humam-i Tabrizi (; 1238/39 – 1314/15), was a Sufi poet of the Ilkhanate era, who composed works in Persian, as well as some in Arabic. He was one of the most distinguished figures of his time due to his poetry, teachings, piety, and Sufi spirituality. Humam spent most of his life in the city of Tabriz, where he became an influential figure. He became close to the Juvayni family, who lent him political and cultural protection, and helped him establish a '' khanqah'' (Sufi lodge) in Tabriz. Following the execution of his Juvayni patron Shams al-Din Juvayni in 1284, Humam managed to find support amongst other political figures, such as Rashid al-Din Hamadani. Humam died at the age of 78, and was buried in the Sorkhab district of Tabriz. Most of his poetry was in the form of a ''ghazal'', and followed the same style and tone of that of his contemporary Saadi Shirazi. He also wrote two '' masnavis'' (poem in rhyming couplets), the ''Suhbat-nama'' ("Book of companionship") and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic
Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as ( "the eloquent Arabic") or simply ' (). Arabic is the List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language, third most widespread official language after English and French, one of six official languages of the United Nations, and the Sacred language, liturgical language of Islam. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
