|
Expedition Of The Col Des Beni Aïcha
The Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha, or the Expedition of Thénia, or simply Beni Aïcha Expedition, was a expedition in May 1837, during the French conquest of Algeria. This event pitted the troupes coloniales under Colonel Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg against the troops of ''Beni Aïcha'' of the '' Igawawen''. Historical context This expedition was started in May 1837 from Algiers to the city of Constantine via the mountain range of Khachna in Kabylia. This military reaction came after the signing of the Treaty of Tafna between General Thomas Robert Bugeaud with Emir Abdelkader in . The treaty effectively recognized the control of the Emirate of Abdelkader over a large part of the interior area of what is now Algeria. Emir Abdekader exploited this treaty to assert his power over the tribes throughout the interior of the country, building new towns far from French control with a rigorous administration. He worked especially in Kabylia and elsewhere to raise the Mus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Conquest Of Algeria
The French conquest of Algeria (; ) took place between 1830 and 1903. In 1827, an argument between Hussein Dey, the ruler of the Regency of Algiers, and the French consul (representative), consul escalated into a blockade, following which the July Monarchy of France invaded and quickly seized Algiers in 1830, and seized other coastal communities. Amid internal political strife in France, decisions were repeatedly taken to retain control of the territory, and additional military forces were brought in over the following years to quell resistance in the interior of the country. Initially, the Algerian resistance was mainly divided between forces under Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif at Constantine, Algeria, Constantine, seeking to reinstate the Regency of Algiers, primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in the west and center. Treaties with the nationalists under Emir Abdelkader enabled the French to first focus on the elimination of the remnants of the Deylik, achieved with the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Igawawen
Igawawen or Gawawa, mostly known as Zwawa (in Kabyle: Igawawen, in Arabic: زواوة, and in Latin: Jubaleni''Revue archéologique, Société française d'archéologie classique'' (in French), p. 28) were a group of Kabyle tribes inhabiting the Djurdjura mountains, Greater Kabylia, in Algeria. The Zouaoua are a branch of the Kutama tribe of the Baranis Berbers.Ibn Khaldun, ''Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale'' (in French), Volume 1, Paris, Imprimerie du gouvernement, 1852, 447 p.read online, p. 255 In the most restricted sense, the Igawawen were a confederation ( kabyle: ''taqbilt'', derived from arabic "قبيلة" meaning tribe) of 8 tribes split into two groups: * Ait Betrun: Ait Yenni, At Wasif, Ait Budrar, Ait Bu Akkash. * Ait Mengellet: Ait Mengellet ''proper'', Ait Aqbil, Ait Attaf, Ait Bu Yusef. Etymology "Zwawa" was the Arabic name of medieval Muslim historians for the tribes who inhabited the region between Bej ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beni Aïcha
Beni may also refer to: Characters *Beni Gabor, a character in the 1999 film ''The Mummy'' *Benimaru Nikaido, fan nickname of a character in ''The King of Fighters'' People Given name *Beni (Australian musician), Australian musician and disc jockey * Beni (singer) (born 1986), Japanese singer, formerly known by the name Beni Arashiro * Beni Badibanga (born 1996), Belgian footballer * Beni Bertrand Binobagira, Burundian swimmer * Beni Madhab Das (1866–1952), Indian Bengali scholar * Beni Hofer (born 1978), Swiss freestyle skier * Beni Kiendé (born 1986), Gabonese footballer * Beni Lar, Nigerian politician * Beni Montresor (1926–2001), Italian artist, opera and film director, set designer, author and illustrator *Beni Obermüller (1930–2005), German alpine skier * Beni Takemata, Japanese shogi player * Beni Mukendi (born 2002), Angolan footballer Surname * Alfred Beni (1923-1995), Austrian chess master * Alphonse Beni (born 1946), Cameroonian actor and film director * B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kabyle People
The Kabyle people (, or ''Leqbayel'' or ''Iqbayliyen'', , ) are a Berbers, Berber ethnic group indigenous to Kabylia in the north of Algeria, spread across the Atlas Mountains, east of Algiers. They represent the largest Berber population of Algeria and the second largest in North Africa. Many of the Kabyles have emigrated from Algeria, influenced by factors such as the Algerian Civil War, cultural repression by the central Algerian government, and overall industrial decline. Their diaspora has resulted in Kabyle people living in numerous countries. Large populations of Kabyle people settled in France and, to a lesser extent, Canada (mainly Québec) and United States. The Kabyle people speak Kabyle language, Kabyle, a Berber language. Since the Berber Spring of 1980, they have been at the forefront of the fight for the Languages of Algeria, official recognition of Berber languages in Algeria. Etymology The word 'Kabyle' (Kabyle: Iqbayliyen) is an exonym, and a distortion of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oued Isser
The Oued Isser is a river of Algeria. It begins in Médéa Province, is the main river, with Oued Sébaou of the Medea, which runs through the Lower Kabylie of Djurdjura (or the current province of Boumerdès) Wilaya of Bouira, then flows into the Mediterranean near the coastal town of Djinet in Lower Kabylia, attached to the province of Boumerdes. The Oued Isser derives its name from the Roman name Serbetes, but other documentary sources give the name Serbetes to the Oued Sébaou. The hydronymy of the Oued Isser is very interesting from the point of view of the various linguistic appellations that designate it (Berber, Latin, Arabic and French). Geography The Oued Isser is the receptacle of the waters of the southern slope of the Khachna massif and the Blida Atlas. In Draâ Tabel in the Beni Ostman, at 420 meters above sea level, it takes the name Oued Isser, which it keeps until its mouth in the Mediterranean Sea. Its sources sprout from a great number of points, almost ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oued Meraldene
The Oued Meraldene or Oued Merabtene, also called Oued Bourdine, is a river of Algeria located in Kabylia within the framework of the Province of Boumerdès. Presentation The ''Meraldène'' stream is one of the main tributaries of the Boumerdès River which is a river that finds its mouth in the Mediterranean Sea. This river takes its source in the heights of the current commune of Beni Amrane in the Khachna Massif which shelters the peak of . At an altitude of 590 meters above sea level near the villages of Beni Khelifa and Azela, ''Oued Meraldene'' is born to take its course on a river bed that juts out into the current town of Thénia. This area is rich in water resources thus feeds the Oued which then traces its route between the villages of Tabrahimt, Meraldene, Gueddara, Soumâa, Tizouighine before reaching the plateau of the village Louz. Mouth The ''Meraldene River'' rises in flood especially during the winter and the ''Oued'' becomes impassable and dangerous, and c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlantic, North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and List of islands of France, many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean, giving it Exclusive economic zone of France, one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world. Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. Its Regions of France, eighteen integral regions—five of which are overseas—span a combined area of and hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muslim
Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God in Abrahamic religions, God of Abraham (or ''Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the last Islamic prophet. Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous Islamic holy books, revelations, such as the Tawrat (Torah), the Zabur (Psalms), and the Injeel (Gospel). These earlier revelations are associated with Judaism and Christianity, which are regarded by Muslims as earlier versions of Islam. The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices attributed to Muhammad (''sunnah'') as recorded in traditional accounts (hadith). With an estimated population of almost 2 billion followers, Muslims comprise around 26% of the world's total population. In descending order, the percentage of people who identify as Muslims on each ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algeria
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Algeria–Niger border, the southeast by Niger; to Algeria–Western Sahara border, the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to Algeria–Morocco border, the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The capital and List of cities in Algeria, largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast. Inhabited since prehistory, Algeria has been at the crossroads of numerous cultures and civilisations, including the Phoenicians, Numidians, Ancient Rome, Romans, Vandals, and Byzantine Greeks. Its modern identity is rooted in centuries of Arab migrations to the Maghreb, Arab Muslim migration waves since Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, the seventh century and the subsequent Arabization, Arabisation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emirate Of Abdelkader
The Emirate of Mascara or Emirate of Abd al-Qadir, was a sovereign country founded by Abdelkader al-Jazairi, Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi with the allegiance of the people of Algeria to resist the French conquest of Algeria with its first capital at Mascara, Algeria, Mascara then Tagdemt after it was taken by France. Government The system of government was simple and analogous to the regime of the deys of the Deylik of Algiers. However, it profoundly revised the doctrine of power to a more egalitarian basis. The emir was head of the state, and governed with his divan or council of ministers. He was assisted by a majlis, an advisory council of wise personalities, ulamas and khalifas representing the provinces and presided over by a qadi, qāḍī al-quḍāt or chief justice. Algeria was divided by the emir into eight khalifalik, themselves subdivided into agha (title), aghalik, which grouped several qaidat. This division took into account local influences and history, especially on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Robert Bugeaud
Thomas Robert Bugeaud, marquis de la Piconnerie, duc d'Isly (15 October 178410 June 1849) was a Marshal of France and Colonial heads of Algeria, Governor-General of Algeria during the French colonization. Born an aristocrat, he has a complex legacy, serving as a soldier during the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleonic wars, focusing on agriculture during Bourbon Restoration in France, Bourbon rule, then serving the July Monarchy, July monarchy in French conquest of Algeria, Algeria during which he achieved undoubted military success, while also being complicit in actions which today may be understood as War crime, war crimes and caused outrage at the time. Early life He was born at Limoges, a member of a noble family of Périgord (Occitania), the youngest of thirteen children. He ran away from home, and for some years lived in the country as an agricultural worker. At the age of twenty, he became a private soldier in the ''Vélites'' of the Imperial Guard (Napoleon I), Imperial Guard, wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Tafna
The Treaty of Tafna was signed by both Emir Abdelkader and General Thomas Robert Bugeaud on 30 May 1837. Context, terms and breakdown This agreement was developed after a series of campaigns by French forces into the hinterlands of Algeria, the French under Bugeaud had won a victory against a mixed force of Abdelkader's regular and tribal warriors at the Sikkak river in the summer of 1836, letters between the Emir and the general were exchanged in its aftermath.. While General Clauzel had in 1836 been defeated in a separate theatre of operation in the east of Algeria, this defeat politically required a response and the French War Ministry tasked Bugeaud with achieving peace with the Emir so that limited French forces could avenge the defeat as to avert a loss of face. Other sources emphasise the that the French had undertaken the war partly as a consequence of their dissatisfaction with the terms of the previous treaty with Abdelkader, that had granted him significant con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
