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Euglenophycin
Euglenophycin is an ichthyotoxic compound isolated from ''Euglena sanguinea'', a species of the genus ''Euglena''. It exhibits anticancer and herbicidal activity ''in vitro''. History Many fresh-water algae that produce toxins are known, among which the euglenoids (Euglenophyceae). It has been found that this alga lives in fresh-water environments all over the world. Many euglenoids are heterotrophic, as they feed through either phagocytosis or simple diffusion. However, a monophyletic group of the alga is mixotrophic, namely the ''Rapaza viridis'', meaning that it switches between photosynthesis, absorbing nutrients and engulfing other eukaryotes. Furthermore, Eutreptiales and Euglenales are autotrophic as they contain chlorophyll to perform photosynthesis. Euglenoids can contain chlorophyll and an accessory pigment, and/or astaxanthin (a carotenoid), due to which they can either be coloured either green or red. Although this alga has been found relatively early in history, it t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ichthyotoxic
Ichthyotoxins are compounds which are either toxic to fish, or are toxins produced by fish. The former include the algae-produced euglenophycin and prymnesins, which can cause large-scale fish deaths. The latter includes ostracitoxin, produced by boxfish. Many toxin-producing algal species can be found both in marine and fresh water environments when the algae are in bloom. Ichthyotoxic poisoning in humans can cause symptoms ranging in severity dependent on how much toxin was consumed. The symptoms of an ichthyotoxin poisoning from fish venoms can include headache, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and drop in blood pressure. Examples The eggs of gar and the roe and eggs of several other fish species contain toxins. Toxin-producing algae include ''Prymnesium parvum''. Anti-cancer research Euglonophycin It was discovered that euglonophycin, a euglenoid ichthyotoxin derived from ''Euglena sanguinea'', displays anticancer activity. By sharing a similar chemical structure to sol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euglena Sanguinea
''Euglena sanguinea'' is a species of euglenid of the genus ''Euglena''. It is a single-celled alga that is found in freshwater habitats, and has a cosmopolitan distribution. As the specific epithet ''sanguinea'' suggests, it is often coloured red due to the presence of astaxanthin, and the cells can be populous enough to form blooms that colour the water red. Description ''Euglena sanguinea'' is a single-celled organism, with cells 61–150 μm long and 17–35 μm wide. The cells are spindle-shaped with a rounded anterior and a pointed posterior; the cell is surrounded by a pellicle which is spirally striated. Each cell has numerous (>15) chloroplasts in the shape of highly concave plates. Chloroplasts are in the shape of highly concave plates and are deeply dissected into long, ribbon-like bands which follow the contour of the cell and form spiral rows. The center of each chloroplast is embedded deeper inside the cell, and contains a single double-sheathed pyrenoid. Spindle- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piperidines
Piperidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)5NH. This heterocyclic compound, heterocyclic amine consists of a six-membered ring containing five methylene bridges (–CH2–) and one amine bridge (–NH–). It is a colorless liquid with an odor described as objectionable, typical of amines. The name comes from the genus name ''Piper (genus), Piper'', which is the Latin word for Black pepper, pepper. Although piperidine is a common organic compound, it is best known as a representative structure element within many pharmaceuticals and alkaloids, such as natural-occurring Solenopsin, solenopsins. Production Piperidine was first reported in 1850 by the Scottish chemist Thomas Anderson (chemist), Thomas Anderson and again, independently, in 1852 by the French chemist Auguste André Thomas Cahours, Auguste Cahours, who named it. Both of them obtained piperidine by reacting piperine with nitric acid. Industrially, piperidine is produced by the hydrogenation of p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Figure 4
The term figure-four may refer to: * Figure-four (climbing), a technique employed in technical climbing, particularly mixed and ice climbing *Figure-four (grappling hold) A figure-four is a catch wrestling term for a joint-lock that resembles the number "4". A Armlock#Keylocks, keylock or leglock#Toe hold, toe hold can be referred to as a figure-four hold, when it involves a figure-four formation with the legs or ..., a type of grappling hold **A variation of the Jackknife hold *A descriptor of a professional wrestling hold; most notably the Figure four leglock * Figure Four, a Canadian metalcore band * Figure Four (''Battle Angel Alita''), a fictional character in the ''Battle Angel Alita'' manga series * Figure-four deadfall, a type of trap * Fig.4.0, an English hardcore punk band {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Figure 3
Figure may refer to: General *A shape, drawing, depiction, or geometric configuration *Figure (wood), wood appearance *Figure (music), distinguished from musical motif *Noise figure, in telecommunication *Dance figure, an elementary dance pattern *A person's figure, human physical appearance *Figure–ground (perception), the distinction between a visually perceived object and its surroundings Arts *Figurine, a miniature statuette representation of a creature *Action figure, a posable jointed solid plastic character figurine *Figure painting, realistic representation, especially of the human form *Figure drawing *Model figure, a scale model of a creature Writing *figure, in writing, a type of floating block (text, table, or graphic separate from the main text) *Figure of speech, also called a rhetorical figure *Christ figure, a type of character * in typesetting, text figures and lining figures Accounting *Figure, a synonym for number *Significant figures in a decimal numbe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Figure 2
Figure may refer to: General *A shape, drawing, depiction, or geometric configuration *Figure (wood), wood appearance *Figure (music), distinguished from musical motif *Noise figure, in telecommunication *Dance figure, an elementary dance pattern *A person's figure, human physical appearance *Figure–ground (perception), the distinction between a visually perceived object and its surroundings Arts *Figurine, a miniature statuette representation of a creature *Action figure, a posable jointed solid plastic character figurine *Figure painting, realistic representation, especially of the human form *Figure drawing *Model figure, a scale model of a creature Writing *figure, in writing, a type of floating block (text, table, or graphic separate from the main text) *Figure of speech, also called a rhetorical figure *Christ figure, a type of character * in typesetting, text figures and lining figures Accounting *Figure, a synonym for number *Significant figures in a decimal number ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyketide Synthases
In organic chemistry, polyketides are a class of natural products derived from a Precursor (chemistry), precursor molecule consisting of a Polymer backbone, chain of alternating ketone (, or Carbonyl reduction, its reduced forms) and Methylene group, methylene () groups: . First studied in the early 20th century, discovery, biosynthesis, and application of polyketides has evolved. It is a large and diverse group of secondary metabolites caused by its complex biosynthesis which resembles that of fatty acid synthesis. Because of this diversity, polyketides can have various medicinal, agricultural, and industrial applications. Many polyketides are medicinal or exhibit acute toxicity. Biotechnology has enabled discovery of more naturally-occurring polyketides and evolution of new polyketides with novel or improved bioactivity. History Naturally produced polyketides by various plants and organisms have been used by humans since before studies on them began in the 19th and 20th century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NMR Analysis
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are disturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus. This process occurs near resonance, when the oscillation frequency matches the intrinsic frequency of the nuclei, which depends on the strength of the static magnetic field, the chemical environment, and the magnetic properties of the isotope involved; in practical applications with static magnetic fields up to ca. 20 tesla, the frequency is similar to VHF and UHF television broadcasts (60–1000 MHz). NMR results from specific magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is widely used to determine the structure of organic molecules in solution and study molecular physics and crystals as well as non-crystallin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiral Centres
Chirality () is a property of asymmetry important in several branches of science. The word ''chirality'' is derived from the Greek (''kheir''), "hand", a familiar chiral object. An object or a system is ''chiral'' if it is distinguishable from its mirror image; that is, it cannot be superposed (not to be confused with superimposed) onto it. Conversely, a mirror image of an ''achiral'' object, such as a sphere, cannot be distinguished from the object. A chiral object and its mirror image are called ''enantiomorphs'' (Greek, "opposite forms") or, when referring to molecules, ''enantiomers''. A non-chiral object is called ''achiral'' (sometimes also ''amphichiral'') and can be superposed on its mirror image. The term was first used by Lord Kelvin in 1893 in the second Robert Boyle Lecture at the Oxford University Junior Scientific Club which was published in 1894: Human hands are perhaps the most recognized example of chirality. The left hand is a non-superposable mirror im ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butanol
Butanol (also called butyl alcohol) is a four-carbon alcohol with a formula of C4 H9 OH, which occurs in five isomeric structures (four structural isomers), from a straight-chain primary alcohol to a branched-chain tertiary alcohol; all are a butyl or isobutyl group linked to a hydroxyl group (sometimes represented as BuOH, ''sec''-BuOH, i-BuOH, and ''t''-BuOH). These are 1-butanol, two stereoisomers of ''sec''-butyl alcohol, isobutanol and ''tert''-butyl alcohol. Butanol is primarily used as a solvent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, and may be used as a fuel. Biologically produced butanol is called biobutanol, which may be ''n''-butanol or isobutanol. Isomers The unmodified term ''butanol'' usually refers to the straight chain isomer with the alcohol functional group at the terminal carbon, which is also known as 1-butanol. The straight chain isomer with the alcohol at an internal carbon is ''sec''-butyl alcohol or 2-butanol. The branched isomer with th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piperidine
Piperidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)5NH. This heterocyclic amine consists of a six-membered ring containing five methylene bridges (–CH2–) and one amine bridge (–NH–). It is a colorless liquid with an odor described as objectionable, typical of amines. The name comes from the genus name '' Piper'', which is the Latin word for pepper. Although piperidine is a common organic compound, it is best known as a representative structure element within many pharmaceuticals and alkaloids, such as natural-occurring solenopsins. Production Piperidine was first reported in 1850 by the Scottish chemist Thomas Anderson and again, independently, in 1852 by the French chemist Auguste Cahours, who named it. Both of them obtained piperidine by reacting piperine with nitric acid. Industrially, piperidine is produced by the hydrogenation of pyridine, usually over a molybdenum disulfide catalyst: : C5H5N + 3 H2 → C5H10NH Pyridine can also be reduce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
