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Euglenid
Euglenids or euglenoids are one of the best-known groups of eukaryotic flagellates: single-celled organisms with flagella, or whip-like tails. They are classified in the phylum Euglenophyta, class Euglenida or Euglenoidea. Euglenids are commonly found in fresh water, especially when it is rich in organic materials, but they have a few marine and endosymbiotic members. Many euglenids feed by phagocytosis, or strictly by diffusion. A monophyletic subgroup known as Euglenophyceae have chloroplasts and produce their own food through photosynthesis. This group contains the carbohydrate paramylon. Euglenids split from other Euglenozoa (a larger group of flagellates) more than a billion years ago. The plastids (membranous organelles) in all extant photosynthetic species result from secondary endosymbiosis between a euglenid and a green alga. Structure Euglenoids are distinguished mainly by the presence of a type of cell covering called a pellicle. Within its taxon, the pellic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euglenozoa
Euglenozoa are a large group of flagellate Discoba. They include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. Euglenozoa are represented by four major groups, ''i.e.,'' Kinetoplastea, Diplonemea, Euglenida, and Symbiontida. Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around in size, although some euglenids get up to long. Structure Most euglenozoa have two flagella, which are inserted parallel to one another in an apical or subapical pocket. In some these are associated with a cytostome or mouth, used to ingest bacteria or other small organisms. This is supported by one of three sets of microtubules that arise from the flagellar bases; the other two support the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cell. Some other euglenozoa feed through absorption, and many euglenids possess chloroplasts, the only eukaryotes outside Diaphoretickes to do so without performing kleptoplasty, and so obtain energy through photosynthesis. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euglenales
Euglenales (also known as Euglenida) is an order of flagellates in the phylum Euglenozoa. The family includes the most well-known euglenoid genus, '' Euglena'', as well as other common genera like '' Phacus'' and '' Lepocinclis''. Nomenclature The order Euglenales is also known by the name Euglenida. The origin of this dual naming system is because of the history of protists. Euglenids have been treated as both algae and protozoans, which are governed by separate nomenclature codes. If classified as an alga, it would fall under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and its correct name would be Euglenales; if classified as a protozoan, it would fall under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and would be called Euglenida. Euglenids such as these are considered to be ambiregnal protists due to their parallel naming systems. Description Euglenales consists mostly of freshwater organisms, in contrast to its sister Eutreptiales which is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peranemida
The peranemids are a group of phagotrophic flagellates, single-celled eukaryotes or protists. They belong to the Euglenida, a diverse lineage of flagellates that contains the closely related euglenophyte algae. Like these algae, peranemids have flexible cells capable of deformation or metaboly, and have one or two flagella in the anterior region of the cell. They are classified as family Peranemidae (ICZN) or Peranemataceae (ICBN) within the monotypic order Peranemida (ICZN) or Peranematales (ICBN). Description Peranemids are unicellular eukaryotes or protists. They are flagellates, with one or two flagella for locomotion. The flagella are located in the anterior end of the cell, and are used in a gliding motion in contact with the substrate to propel the cell forward. In addition, like some other euglenids, their cells exhibit a certain movement known as metaboly or 'euglenid motion' characterized by extreme flexibility and malleability. Evolution Peranemids are a gro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euglena
''Euglena'' is a genus of Unicellular organism, single-celled, flagellate eukaryotes. It is the best-known and most widely studied member of the class Euglenoidea, a diverse group containing some 54 genera and at least 200 species. Species of ''Euglena'' are found in fresh water and salt water. They are often abundant in quiet inland waters where they may bloom in numbers sufficient to color the surface of ponds and ditches green (''Euglena viridis, E. viridis'') or red (''Euglena sanguinea, E. sanguinea''). The species ''Euglena gracilis'' has been used extensively in the laboratory as a model organism. Most species of ''Euglena'' have photosynthesizing chloroplasts within the body of the cell, which enable them to feed by autotrophy, like plants. However, they can also take nourishment heterotrophically, like animals. Since ''Euglena'' have features of both animals and plants, early taxonomists, working within the Linnaean taxonomy, Linnaean two-kingdom system of bio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metaboly
Spirocuta () is a clade of euglenids, single-celled eukaryotes or protists belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa. They are distinguished from other euglenids by active deformation of their cell shape, a process called euglenid motion or metaboly. This is made possible by a high number of spirally arranged protein strips that run below their cell membrane and confer the cell with flexibility. These strips compose the helicoidal pellicle (biology), pellicle, a trait referenced by the alternative name Helicales. Description Spirocuta is a group of flagellates, unicellular eukaryotes or protists with one or two flagella for locomotion in the anterior region of the cell. The move through a gliding motility, gliding motion in contact with the substrate to propel the cell forward. Like other members of the Euglenida, their cells are lined by a pellicle (biology), pellicle composed of proteinaceous strips that interlock with each other, and are spirally arranged underneath the cell membran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anisonemia
Anisonemia is a clade of single-celled protists belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa, relatives of the Euglenophyceae algae. They are flagellates, with two flagella for locomotion. Anisonemia includes various phagotrophic species and a group of primary osmotrophic protists known as Aphagea. Description Members of Anisonemia are unicellular flagellates, protists that have flagella for movement. Species of this lineage have two flagella arising from the anterior (anatomy), anterior region of the cell, unlike their relatives, Peranemida and Euglenophyceae, where only one flagellum is emmergent. They move through a gliding motion, where the posterior flagellum is fully in contact with the substrate and the anterior flagellum beats through its whole length in front of the cell, carrying it forward. Evolution Anisonemia is a monophyletic group, or clade, of flagellates that contains several phagotrophic species and a clade that has evolved toward primary osmotrophy, named Aphagea. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirocuta
Spirocuta () is a clade of euglenids, single-celled eukaryotes or protists belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa. They are distinguished from other euglenids by active deformation of their cell shape, a process called euglenid motion or metaboly. This is made possible by a high number of spirally arranged protein strips that run below their cell membrane and confer the cell with flexibility. These strips compose the helicoidal pellicle, a trait referenced by the alternative name Helicales. Description Spirocuta is a group of flagellates, unicellular eukaryotes or protists with one or two flagella for locomotion in the anterior region of the cell. The move through a gliding motion in contact with the substrate to propel the cell forward. Like other members of the Euglenida, their cells are lined by a pellicle composed of proteinaceous strips that interlock with each other, and are spirally arranged underneath the cell membrane. In particular, members of Spirocuta share a synapom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euglenophyceae
Euglenophyceae (ICNafp, proposed as a class) or Euglenea (ICZN, proposed as a class) is an unranked clade of single-celled algae belonging to the phylum Euglenozoa. They have chloroplasts originated from an event of secondary endosymbiosis with a green alga. They are distinguished from other algae by the presence of paramylon as a storage product and three membranes surrounding each chloroplast. Description Euglenophyceae are unicellular algae, protists that contain chloroplasts. Their chloroplasts originated from a secondary endosymbiosis with a green alga, particularly from the order Pyramimonadales, and contain chlorophylls ''a'' and ''b''.Some have secondarily lost this ability and evolved toward osmotrophy. In addition to photosynthetic plastids, most species have a photosensitive eyespot. Ecology Euglenophyceae are mainly present in the water column of freshwater habitats. They are abundant in small eutrophic water bodies of temperate climates, where they ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flagellate
A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their means of motion. The term presently does not imply any specific relationship or classification of the organisms that possess flagella. However, several derivations of the term "flagellate" (such as " dinoflagellate" and " choanoflagellate") are more formally characterized. Form and behavior Flagella in eukaryotes are supported by microtubules in a characteristic arrangement, with nine fused pairs surrounding two central singlets. These arise from a basal body. In some flagellates, flagella direct food into a cytostome or mouth, where food is ingested. Flagella role in classifying eukaryotes. Among protoctists and microscopic animals, a flagellate is an organism with one or more flagella. Some cells in other animals may be flage ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plastid
A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the Cell (biology), cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. Plastids are considered to be intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Examples of plastids include chloroplasts (used for photosynthesis); chromoplasts (used for synthesis and storage of pigments); leucoplasts (non-pigmented plastids, some of which can cellular differentiation, differentiate); and apicoplasts (non-photosynthetic plastids of apicomplexa derived from secondary endosymbiosis). A permanent primary endosymbiosis event occurred about 1.5 billion years ago in the Archaeplastida cladeEmbryophyte, land plants, red algae, green algae and glaucophytesprobably with a cyanobiont, a symbiotic cyanobacteria related to the genus ''Gloeomargarita lithophora, Gloeomargarita''. Another primary endosymbiosis event occurred later, between 140 and 90 million years ago, in the photosynthetic plastids ''Paulinella'' amoeboids of the cyanobacteria genera '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eutreptiales
Eutreptiaceae ( ICN) or Eutreptiidae (ICZN) is a family of algae in the class Euglenophyceae. It is the only family within the monotypic order Eutreptiales (ICN) or Eutreptiida (ICZN). It contains predominantly marine single-celled flagellates with photosynthetic chloroplasts. Description Members of the family Eutreptiaceae are unicellular flagellates, microscopic eukaryotes or protists capable of swimming by using flagella. Each individual has two or four heterodynamic flagella, of equal or unequal length, emerging from a pocket in the anterior side of the cell. The cells are usually capable of extensive flexibility or metaboly, a characteristic of all spirocute euglenids. Every species of this family is phototroph Phototrophs () are organisms that carry out photon capture to produce complex organic compounds (e.g. carbohydrates) and acquire energy. They use the energy from light to carry out various cellular metabolic processes. It is a list of common m ...ic and found p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
