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Estrangeirado
''Estrangeirados'' () were, in the history of Portugal, Portuguese intellectuals who, in the late 17th century and particularly in the 18th century, strove to introduce the ideas of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, as well as other foreign ideas to Portugal. Etymology ''Estrangeirado'' (meaning "admirer, cultivator of what is foreign") comes from the Portuguese ''estrangeiro'', meaning foreign. This is because the ideas these people tried to inculcate in Portuguese society were, for the most part, foreign in origin. Estrangeirados * Luís da Cunha * Luís António Verney * Alexandre de Gusmão * Félix Avelar Brotero * Jacob de Castro Sarmento *Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal Dom (honorific), D. Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal and 1st Count of Oeiras (13 May 1699 – 8 May 1782), known as the Marquis of Pombal ( ), was a Portuguese statesman and diplomat who Despotism, despotically ruled ... * Antón ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches
António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches (7 March 1699 – 14 October 1783) was an 18th-century Portuguese physician, philosopher and encyclopédiste. He was a '' cristão novo'' of Jewish descent, believed to be secretly a practising Jew. He studied at the universities of Coimbra and Salamanca. He fled Portugal after being targeted by the Inquisition as a secret practising Jew. Sanches moved then to London. He then went to Leyden University where he completed his formation under the direction of Herman Boerhaave. He subsequently would work as a physician in various European countries. He was among the three physicians recommended to Anna of Russia in 1731. Appointed doctor of the Russian army, he distinguished himself before becoming a court physician. After more than 15 years in Russia, he left the country in 1748 after empress Elizabeth Petrowna had denounced two of his colleagues as Jews. Having had the chance, amid the daily proscriptions which he witnessed to be allowed to lea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Portugal
The history of Portugal can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by ''Homo heidelbergensis''. The Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, which lasted almost two centuries, led to the establishment of the provinces of Lusitania in the south and Gallaecia in the north of what is now Portugal. Following the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes controlled the territory between the 5th and 8th centuries, including the Kingdom of the Suebi centred in Braga and the Visigothic Kingdom in the south. The 711–716 invasion by the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate conquered the Visigoth Kingdom and founded the Islamic State of Al-Andalus, gradually advancing through Iberia. In 1095, Portugal broke away from the Kingdom of Galicia. Afonso Henriques, son of the count Henry of Burgundy, proclaimed himself king of Portugal in 1139. The Algarve (the southernmost province of Portugal) was conquered from the Moors in 1249, and in 1255 Lisbon became ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of History of science, modern science during the early modern period, when developments in History of mathematics#Mathematics during the Scientific Revolution, mathematics, History of physics#Scientific Revolution, physics, History of astronomy#Renaissance Period, astronomy, History of biology#Renaissance and early modern developments, biology (including History of anatomy, human anatomy) and History of chemistry#17th and 18th centuries: Early chemistry, chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.Galilei, Galileo (1974) ''Two New Sciences'', trans. Stillman Drake, (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr. pp. 217, 225, 296–67.Clagett, Marshall (1961) ''The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages''. Madison, Univ. of Wisconsin Pr. pp. 218–19, 252–55, 346, 409–16, 547, 576–78, 673–82#Hannam, Hannam, p. 342 The Scientific Revolution took place in Europe in the second half of the Renaissance pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Age Of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was a Europe, European Intellect, intellectual and Philosophy, philosophical movement active from the late 17th to early 19th century. Chiefly valuing knowledge gained through rationalism and empiricism, the Enlightenment was concerned with a wide range of social and Politics, political ideals such as natural law, liberty, and progress, toleration and fraternity (philosophy), fraternity, constitutional government, and the formal separation of church and state. The Enlightenment was preceded by and overlapped the Scientific Revolution, which included the work of Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, Pierre Gassendi, Christiaan Huygens and Isaac Newton, among others, as well as the philosophy of Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and John Locke. The dating of the period of the beginning of the Enlightenment can be attributed to the publication of René Descartes' ''Discourse on the Method'' in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luís Da Cunha
D. Luís da Cunha (; 25 January 1662 – 9 October 1749) was a Portuguese diplomat who served under King John V of Portugal as part of His Most Faithful Majesty's Council. He was also Judge of the Royal Household, Envoy Extraordinary of Portuguese Cortes to London, Madrid and Paris, and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Congress of Utrecht, as well as part of the Portuguese Royal Academy of History. D. Luis da Cunha was considered an '' estrangeirado'', a Portuguese that has been influenced greatly by foreign ideas. He was a critic of the Inquisition and the persecution of New Christians. Early life D. Luís da Cunha was born on 23 January 1662, in Lisbon, to D. António Álvares da Cunha, Lord of Tábua, head of the House of Cunha and a member of the Forty Conspirators, and Maria Manuel de Vilhena, of the family of the Counts of Vila Flor. During his childhood, he lived in the Palace of the Counts of Cunha, in the Bairro Alto neighborhood, which was the headquarters o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luís António Verney
Luís António Verney (23 July 1713 – 23 March 1792) was a Portuguese people, Portuguese philosopher, theologian, and pedagogue. An ''estrangeirado'', Verney is sometimes called the most important figure of the History of Portugal (1640–1777), Portuguese Enlightenment. Most notably, Verney advocated a plan to completely reform the educational system in Portugal, in radical opposition to the methods employed at the time by the Society of Jesus, Jesuits, who had long had a near-monopoly on teaching in the country; his controversial manifesto, ''Verdadeiro Método de Estudar'' (first published anonymously in 1746), would later serve as the basis for many of the educational reforms instituted under the Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, Marquis of Pombal. Biography Luís António Verney was born in Lisbon in 1713, the son of Denys Verney (1650 – c. 1734), from Saint-Clément-les-Places in Lyon, France, and Maria da Conceição Arnaut, from the parish of S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexandre De Gusmão
Alexandre de Gusmão (17 July 1695 in Santos – 9 May 1753 in Lisbon) was a Colonial Brazilian diplomat. He is regarded as one of the best diplomats of his time, chiefly for his role in negotiating the Treaty of Madrid in 1750 (revoked in 1761), when Portugal and Spain were attempting to delimit their territorial possessions in South America and Asia. Born in the city of Santos, he may be considered one of the precursors of the application of Enlightenment principles to international relations, adopting the principle of ''uti possidetis'', according to which each state has the right to the land that it actually occupies, as well as the idea of "natural boundaries", which suggests the use of prominent geographical accidents – such as rivers and mountain ranges – to set the limits between states. He graduated in Law and was the representative of Portugal to various states, among which Rome, where he came to be invited to join Pope Innocent XIII's court. He was also a bro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Félix Avelar Brotero
Felix may refer to: * Felix (name), people and fictional characters with the name Places * Arabia Felix is the ancient Latin name of Yemen * Felix, Spain, a municipality of the province Almería, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain * St. Felix, Prince Edward Island, a rural community in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. * Felix, Ontario, an unincorporated place and railway point in Northeastern Ontario, Canada * St. Felix, South Tyrol, a village in South Tyrol, in northern Italy. * Felix, California, an unincorporated community in Calaveras County * Felix Township, Grundy County, Illinois * Felix Township, Grundy County, Iowa Music * Felix (band), a British band * Felix (musician), British DJ * Felix (rapper) (born 2000), Australian rapper and member of the K-pop boy band Stray Kids * Félix Award, a Quebec music award named after Félix Leclerc Business * Felix (pet food), a brand of cat food sold in most European countries * AB Feli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacob De Castro Sarmento
Jacob Henriques de Castro Sarmento (6 May 1690 in Bragança, Portugal – 14 September 1762 in London) was a Portuguese ''estrangeirado'', physician, naturalist, poet and deist. Life At the age of seventeen he entered the University of Évora to study philosophy, and later studied medicine at Coimbra, receiving his baccalaureate in 1717. In order to escape the persecutions of the Portuguese Inquisition, Henrique — so-called as a ''marrano'', a Christian to the outside world, but privately a practicing Jew, — went into voluntary exile in London in 1720. There he continued his studies in medicine, physics, and chemistry, and passed his examinations in the theory and practice of medicine. He became a member of the Royal College of Physicians and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1730, in recognition of his having introduced a new medicine for curing fevers. Castro Sarmento married Elizabeth, a non-Jew and converted to Anglicanism, although he was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sebastião José De Carvalho E Melo, 1st Marquis Of Pombal
Dom (honorific), D. Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal and 1st Count of Oeiras (13 May 1699 – 8 May 1782), known as the Marquis of Pombal ( ), was a Portuguese statesman and diplomat who Despotism, despotically ruled the Portuguese Empire from 1750 to 1777 as chief minister to King Joseph I of Portugal, Joseph I. A strong advocate for Absolute monarchy, absolutism, and influenced by some of the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment, Pombal led Portugal's recovery from the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and reformed the kingdom's administrative, economic, and ecclesiastical institutions. During his lengthy ministerial career, Pombal accumulated and exercised autocracy, autocratic power, curtailing individual liberties, suppressing political opposition, and fostering the Atlantic slave trade to Brazil. His cruel persecution of the Jesuits and Portuguese lower classes led him to be known as Nero of Trafaria, after a village he ordered to be burned with all its inhabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science And Technology In Portugal
Science and technology in Portugal is mainly conducted within a network of research and development (R&D) units belonging to list of universities in Portugal, public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions. There are also non-state-run research institutions and some private R&D projects developed by companies. History The Higher education in Portugal, first university of Portugal was founded in 1290 as a Studium Generale in Lisbon. It was focused on the arts and humanities, but also included a medical school since its foundation. During the 16th century, in the Portugal in the Age of Discovery, Age of Discovery, a more mathematics, mathematical educational approach flourished in this university with the creation of specialized courses and classes in the field. This included the appointment of Pedro Nunes as mathematics teacher, in 1537, when the Portuguese university located in Lisbon was relocated back to Coimbra, and Nunes moved to the re-founded Univers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
18th Century In Portugal
18 (eighteen) is the natural number following 17 and preceding 19. It is an even composite number. Mathematics 18 is a semiperfect number and an abundant number. It is a largely composite number, as it has 6 divisors and no smaller number has more than 6 divisors. There are 18 one-sided pentominoes. In the classification of finite simple groups, there are 18 infinite families of groups. In science Chemistry * The 18-electron rule is a rule of thumb in transition metal chemistry for characterising and predicting the stability of metal complexes. In religion and literature * The Hebrew word for "life" is ('' chai''), which has a numerical value of 18. Consequently, the custom has arisen in Jewish circles to give donations and monetary gifts in multiples of 18 as an expression of blessing for long life. * In Judaism, in the Talmud; Pirkei Avot (5:25), Rabbi Yehudah ben Teime gives the age of 18 as the appropriate age to get married (''"Ben shmonah esra lechupah"'', a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
