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Epiafzelechin
Afzelechin is a flavan-3-ol, a type of flavonoid. It can be found in ''Bergenia ligulata'' ( ''paashaanbhed'' in Ayurveda traditional Indian medicine). It exists as at least two major epimers (afzelechin and epiafzelechin). Metabolism Leucoanthocyanidin reductase, (2''R'',3''S'')-Catechin:NADP+ 4-oxidoreductase transforms ''cis''-3,4-leucopelargonidin into afzelechin. Glycosides Arthromerin A (afzelechin-3-''O''-β-D-xylopyranoside) and arthromerin B (afzelechin-3-''O''-β-D-glucopyranoside) are afzelechin glycosides isolated from the roots of the fern ''Arthromeris mairei''. (+)-Afzelechin-''O''-β-4′-D-glucopyranoside can be isolated from the rhizomes of the fern ''Selliguea feei''. Proanthocyanidins Dimers Afzelechin-(4α→8)-afzelechin (molecular formula C30H26O10, molar mass: 546.52 g/mol, exact mass: 546.152597, CAS number: 101339-37-1, Pubchem CID: 12395) is a B type proanthocyanidin. ''ent''-Epiafzelechin-3-''O''-''p''-hydroxybenzoate-(4α→8,2α→''O''→7)-e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selliguea Feei
''Selliguea feei'' is a fern belonging to the genus '' Selliguea'' in the family Polypodiaceae. This fern can be collected in Indonesia. The species name ''feei'' commemorates the botanist Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée was a French botanist who was born in Ardentes, 7 November 1789, and died in Paris on 21 May 1874. He was the author of works on botany and mycology, practical and historical pharmacology, Darwinism, and his exper .... Biochemistry Selligueain A is an A type proanthocyanidin trimer and a sweetener that can be extracted from the rhizome of the plant. Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, a known bitter-tasting flavonoid glycoside, (-)-4β-carboxymethyl epiafzelechin (3'-deoxydryopteric acid), epiafzelechin-(4β→8, 2β→O→7)-epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-3'-deoxydryopteric acid methyl ester ( selligueain B), and (+)-afzelechin-O-β-4'-D-glucopyranoside were also isolated from the rhizomes of Selliguea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selligueain A
Selligueain A is an A type proanthocyanidin trimer of the propelargonidin type. It can be extracted from the rhizome of the fern ''Selliguea feei'' collected in Indonesia. It has sweetener A sweetener is a substance added to food or drink to impart the flavor of sweetness, either because it contains a type of sugar, or because it contains a sweet-tasting sugar substitute. Various natural non-sugar sweeteners (NSS) and artificial s ... properties with relative sweetness of 35 times as compared to the intensity of a 2% w/v aqueous sucrose solution. References External links * Condensed tannins Natural phenol trimers Sugar substitutes Resorcinols Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings Chromanes 4-Hydroxyphenyl compounds {{Aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racemate
In chemistry, a racemic mixture or racemate () is a mixture that has equal amounts (50:50) of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule or salt. Racemic mixtures are rare in nature, but many compounds are produced industrially as racemates. History The first known racemic mixture was racemic acid, which Louis Pasteur found to be a mixture of the two enantiomeric isomers of tartaric acid. He manually separated the crystals of a mixture, starting from an aqueous solution of the sodium ammonium salt of racemate tartaric acid. Pasteur benefited from the fact that ammonium tartrate salt gives enantiomeric crystals with distinct crystal forms (at 77 °F). Reasoning from the macroscopic scale down to the molecular, he reckoned that the molecules had to have non-superimposable mirror images. A sample with only a single enantiomer is an ''enantiomerically pure'' or ''enantiopure'' compound. Etymology The word ''racemic'' derives from Latin , meaning pertaining to a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthromeris Mairei
''Arthromeris mairei'' is a fern species in the genus '' Arthromeris''. Two afzelechin Afzelechin is a flavan-3-ol, a type of flavonoid. It can be found in '' Bergenia ligulata'' ( ''paashaanbhed'' in Ayurveda traditional Indian medicine). It exists as at least two major epimers (afzelechin and epiafzelechin). Metabolism (2''R'',3' ... glycosides, arthromerin A ( afzelechin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside) and arthromerin B ( afzelechin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside), can be isolated from the roots of ''A. mairei''.Two afzelechin glycosides from Arthromeris mairei. Yu Wen-Sheng, Li Hong, Chen Xin-Min and Yang Lei, Phytochemistry, December 1992, Volume 31, Issue 12, pages 4385–4386, , References External links Polypodiaceae {{Polypodiaceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A Type Proanthocyanidin
A type proanthocyanidins are a specific type of proanthocyanidins, which are a class of flavonoid. Proanthocyanidins fall under a wide range of names in the nutritional and scientific vernacular, including oligomeric proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, polyphenols, condensed tannins, and OPCs. Proanthocyanidins were first popularized by French scientist Jacques Masquelier. Distribution in plants A-type linkage is a less common feature in proanthocyanidins with both 4β→8 ( B-type) and 2β→O→7 interflavanoid bonds. A-type proanthocyanidin glycosides can be isolated from cocoa liquor. Dimers * Procyanidin A1 is an epicatechin-(2β→7,4β→8)-catechin dimer. * Procyanidin A2 is a dimeric (-)epicatechin. Other A-type proanthocyanidins can be found in cranberries, cinnamon, peanut skins and '' Geranium niveum''. Chemistry B-type procyanidins (catechin dimers) can be converted to A-type procyanidins by radical oxidation. Fragmentation patterns for A-type proanthocyanidi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apricot
An apricot (, ) is a fruit, or the tree that bears the fruit, of several species in the genus ''Prunus''. Usually an apricot is from the species '' P. armeniaca'', but the fruits of the other species in ''Prunus'' sect. ''Armeniaca'' are also called apricots. In 2022, world production of apricots was 3.9 million tonnes, led by Turkey with 21% of the total. Etymology ''Apricot'' first appeared in English in the 16th century as ''abrecock'' from the Middle French or later , from Spanish '' albaricoque'' and Catalan , in turn from Arabic (, ), from Byzantine Greek (, ), derived from late Greek (, ) from Latin () (, ). Description The apricot is a small tree, tall, with a trunk up to in diameter and a dense, spreading canopy. The leaves are ovate, long, and wide, with a rounded base, a pointed tip, and a finely serrated margin. The flowers are in diameter, with five white to pinkish petals; they are produced singly or in pairs in early spring before the leaves. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A-type Proanthocyanidin
A type proanthocyanidins are a specific type of proanthocyanidins, which are a class of flavonoid. Proanthocyanidins fall under a wide range of names in the nutritional and scientific vernacular, including oligomeric proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, polyphenols, condensed tannins, and OPCs. Proanthocyanidins were first popularized by French scientist Jacques Masquelier. Distribution in plants A-type linkage is a less common feature in proanthocyanidins with both 4β→8 ( B-type) and 2β→O→7 interflavanoid bonds. A-type proanthocyanidin glycosides can be isolated from cocoa liquor. Dimers * Procyanidin A1 is an epicatechin-(2β→7,4β→8)-catechin dimer. * Procyanidin A2 is a dimeric (-)epicatechin. Other A-type proanthocyanidins can be found in cranberries, cinnamon, peanut skins and ''Geranium niveum''. Chemistry B-type procyanidins (catechin dimers) can be converted to A-type procyanidins by radical oxidation. Fragmentation patterns for A-type proanthocyanidins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
B Type Proanthocyanidin
B type proanthocyanidins are a specific type of proanthocyanidin, which are a class of flavanoids. They are oligomers of flavan-3-ols. Dimeric B type proanthocyanidins These molecules have the molecular formula C30H26O12 (molar mass : 578.52 g/mol, exact mass : 578.142426). Molecules with 4→8 bonds The 4-8 bond can be in the alpha or in the beta position. * Procyanidin B1 or epicatechin-(4β→8)-catechin * Procyanidin B2 or (−)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-(−)-epicatechin * Procyanidin B3 or catechin-(4α→8)-catechin * Procyanidin B4 or catechin-(4α→8)-epicatechin Molecules with 4→6 bonds * Procyanidin B5 or epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin * Procyanidin B6 or catechin-(4α→6)-catechin * Procyanidin B8 or catechin-(4α→6)-epicatechin Chemistry B-type procyanidin (catechin dimer) can be converted to A type proanthocyanidin, A-type procyanidin by radical oxidation. Dimeric proanthocyanidins can also be synthesized with procyanidin-rich grape seed extracts re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glycoside
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzymatic, enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. Several species of ''Heliconius'' butterfly are capable of incorporating these plant compounds as a form of chemical defense against predators. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body. In formal terms, a glycoside is any molecule in which a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides can be linked by an O- (an ''O-glycoside''), N- (a ''glycosylamine''), S-(a ''thioglycoside''), or C- (a ''C-glycoside'') glycosidic bond. Accord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavan-3-ol
Flavan-3-ols (sometimes referred to as flavanols) are a subgroup of flavonoids. They are derivatives of flavans that possess a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2''H''-chromen-3-ol skeleton. Flavan-3-ols are structurally diverse and include a range of compounds, such as catechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, proanthocyanidins, theaflavins, thearubigins. They play a part in plant defense and are present in the majority of plants. Chemical structure The single-molecule (monomer) catechin, or isomer epicatechin (see diagram), adds four hydroxyls to flavan-3-ol, making building blocks for concatenated polymers (proanthocyanidins) and higher order polymers (anthocyanidins). Flavan-3-ols possess two chiral carbons, meaning four diastereoisomers occur for each of them. They are distinguished from the yellow, ketone-containing flavonoids such as quercitin and rutin, which are called flavonol, flavonols. Early use of the term bioflavonoid was imprecisely applie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
