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Enthesopathy
An enthesopathy refers to a disorder involving the attachment of a tendon or ligament to a bone. This site of attachment is known as the entheses, enthesis (pl. entheses). If the condition is known to be Inflammation, inflammatory, it can more precisely be called an enthesitis. Forms Enthesopathy can occur at the shoulder, elbow, wrist, Carpal bones, carpus, hip, knee, ankle, Tarsus (skeleton), tarsus, or heel bone, among other regions. Enthesopathies may take the form of spondyloarthropathy, spondyloarthropathies (joint diseases of the spine) such as ankylosing spondylitis, or psoriatic arthritis, plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendinitis. Further examples include: * Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder * Rotator cuff syndrome of shoulder and allied disorders * Periarthritis of shoulder * Scapulohumeral fibrositis * Synovitis of hand or wrist * Periarthritis of wrist * Gluteal tendinitis * Iliac crest spur * Psoas tendinitis * Trochanteric tendinitis Causes Generalized involvemen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entheses
The enthesis (plural entheses) is the connective tissue which attaches tendons or ligaments to a bone. There are two types of entheses: ''Fibrous tissue, fibrous entheses'' and ''fibrocartilaginous entheses''. In a fibrous enthesis, the collagenous tendon or ligament directly attaches to the bone. In a fibrocartilaginous enthesis, the interface presents a gradient that crosses four transition zones: # Tendinous area displaying longitudinally oriented fibroblasts and a parallel arrangement of collagen fibres # Fibrocartilaginous region of variable thickness where the structure of the cells changes to chondrocytes # Abrupt transition from cartilaginous to calcified fibrocartilage—often called 'tidemark' or 'blue line' # Bone Clinical significance A disease of the entheses is known as an ''enthesopathy'' or ''enthesitis''. Enthetic degeneration is characteristic of spondyloarthropathy and other pathologies. The enthesis is the primary site of disease in ankylosing spondylit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis from the disease spectrum of axial spondyloarthritis. It is characterized by long-term inflammation of the joints of the spine, typically where the spine joins the pelvis. With AS, eye and bowel problems—as well as back pain—may occur. Joint mobility in the affected areas sometimes worsens over time. Ankylosing spondylitis is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. More than 90% of people affected in the UK have a specific human leukocyte antigen known as the HLA-B27 antigen. The underlying mechanism is believed to be autoimmune or autoinflammatory. Diagnosis is based on symptoms with support from medical imaging and blood tests. AS is a type of seronegative spondyloarthropathy, meaning that tests show no presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies. There is no cure for AS. Treatments may include medication, physical therapy, and surgery. Medication therapy focuses on relieving the pai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enthesitis
Enthesitis is inflammation of the entheses (singular: enthesis), the sites where tendons, ligaments and joint capsules attach to bones. It is a type of enthesopathy, meaning any pathologic condition of the entheses, with or without inflammation. There are some cases of isolated, primary enthesitis which are very poorly studied and understood. It is known to be associated with other autoimmune diseases, like spondyloarthropathies and psoriasis (thought to often precede psoriatic arthritis). A common autoimmune enthesitis is at the heel, where the Achilles tendon attaches to the calcaneus. It is associated with HLA B27 arthropathies, such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and reactive arthritis. Signs and symptoms Early clinical manifestations are an aching sensation akin to "working out too much", and it gets better with activity. It is worse in the morning (after sleeping and not moving). The muscle insertion hurts very focally as it joins into the bone, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthopedics
Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (American and British English spelling differences, alternative spelling orthopaedics) is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal Physical trauma, trauma, Spinal disease, spine diseases, Sports injury, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors and congenital disorders. Etymology Nicholas Andry coined the word in French as ', derived from the Ancient Greek words ("correct", "straight") and ("child"), and published ''Orthopedie'' (translated as ''Orthopædia: Or the Art of Correcting and Preventing Deformities in Children'') in 1741. The word was Assimilation (linguistics), assimilated into English as ''orthopædics''; the Typographic ligature, ligature ''æ'' was common in that era for ''ae'' in Greek- and Latin-based words. As the name implies, the discipline was initially developed with atte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a treatment using powerful acoustic pulses which is mostly used to treat kidney stones and in physical therapy and orthopedics. Medical uses The most common use of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is for lithotripsy to treat kidney stones (urinary calculosis) and biliary calculi (stones in the gallbladder or in the liver) using an acoustic pulse. It is also reported to be used for salivary stones and pancreatic stones. In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) found that the evidence for ESWT in the majority of indications is conflicting, and therefore ESWT should only be used where there are special arrangements for clinical governance and audit. Two 2017 reviews had similar findings, with moderate level evidence at best. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is used as a second line measure to treat tennis elbow, shoulder rotator cuff pain, Achilles tendinitis, plantar fasciitis, and greater tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stem Cells
In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. They are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage. They are found in both embryonic and adult organisms, but they have slightly different properties in each. They are usually distinguished from progenitor cells, which cannot divide indefinitely, and precursor or blast cells, which are usually committed to differentiating into one cell type. In mammals, roughly 50 to 150 cells make up the inner cell mass during the blastocyst stage of embryonic development, around days 5–14. These have stem-cell capability. ''In vivo'', they eventually differentiate into all of the body's cell types (making them pluripotent). This process starts with the differentiation into the three germ layers – the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm – at the gastrulation stage. However, when t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Platelet-rich Plasma
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), also known as autologous conditioned plasma, is a concentrate of plasma protein derived from whole blood, centrifuged to remove red blood cells but retaining platelets. Though promoted for treating various medical conditions, evidence of its benefits was mixed as of 2020, showing effectiveness in certain conditions and ineffectiveness in others. As a concentrated source of blood plasma and autologous conditioned plasma, PRP contains multiple growth factors and other cytokines that can stimulate the healing of soft tissues and joints. Indications for its use include sports medicine and orthopaedics (such as acute muscle strains, tendinopathy, tendinosis, muscle-fascial injuries, and osteoarthritis) dermatology (for androgenic alopecia, wound healing, and skin rejuvenation), and even proctology (for fistula en ano). Various preparation protocols exist, with the underlying principle of concentrating platelets to 3–5 times physiological levels, then ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corticosteroid
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones. Two main classes of corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. Some common naturally occurring steroid hormones are cortisol (), corticosterone (), cortisone () and aldosterone () (cortisone and aldosterone are isomers). The main corticosteroids produced by the adrenal cortex are cortisol and aldosterone. The etymology of the '' cortico-'' part of the name refers to the adrenal cortex, which makes these steroid hormones. Thus a corticosteroid is a "cortex steroid". Classes * Glucocorticoids such as cortisol affect carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, and have anti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
X-linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets
Sex linkage describes the sex-specific patterns of inheritance and expression when a gene is present on a sex chromosome (allosome) rather than a non-sex chromosome (autosome). Genes situated on the X-chromosome are thus termed X-linked, and are transmitted by both males and females, while genes situated on the Y-chromosome are termed Y-linked, and are transmitted by males only. As human females possess two X-chromosomes and human males possess one X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome, the phenotype of a sex-linked trait can differ between males and females due to the differential number of alleles (polymorphisms) possessed for a given gene. In humans, sex-linked patterns of inheritance are termed X-linked recessive, X-linked dominant and Y-linked. The inheritance and presentation of all three differ depending on the sex of both the parent and the child. This makes sex-linked patterns of inheritance characteristically different from autosomal dominance and recessiveness. Thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adhesive Capsulitis Of Shoulder
Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is a condition associated with shoulder pain and stiffness. It is a common shoulder ailment that is marked by pain and a loss of range of motion, particularly in external rotation. There is a loss of the ability to move the shoulder, both voluntarily and by others, in multiple directions. The shoulder itself, however, does not generally hurt significantly when touched. Muscle loss around the shoulder may also occur. Onset is gradual over weeks to months. Complications can include fracture of the humerus or biceps tendon rupture. The cause in most cases is unknown. The condition can also occur after injury or surgery to the shoulder. Risk factors include diabetes and thyroid disease. The underlying mechanism involves inflammation and scarring. The diagnosis is generally based on a person's symptoms and a physical exam. The diagnosis may be supported by an MRI. Adhesive capsulitis has been linked to diabetes and hypothyroid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Achilles Tendinitis
Achilles tendinitis, also known as Achilles tendinopathy, is soreness of the Achilles tendon. It is accompanied by alterations in the tendon's structure and mechanical properties. The most common symptoms are pain and swelling around the back of the ankle. The pain is typically worse at the start of exercise and decreases thereafter. Stiffness of the ankle may also be present. Onset is generally gradual. Achilles tendinopathy is idiopathic, meaning the cause is not well understood. Theories of causation include overuse such as running, a lifestyle that includes little exercise, high-heel shoes, rheumatoid arthritis, and medications of the fluoroquinolone or steroid class. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and examination. Proposed interventions to treat tendinopathy have limited or no scientific evidence to support them, such as pre-exercise stretching, strengthening calf muscles, avoiding over-training, adjustment of running mechanics, and selection of footwear. Tre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis or plantar heel pain is a disorder of the plantar fascia, which is the connective tissue that supports the Arches of the foot, arch of the foot. It results in pain in the heel and Sole (foot), bottom of the foot that is usually most severe with the first steps of the day or following a period of rest. Pain is also frequently brought on by dorsiflexion, bending the foot and toes up towards the shin. The pain typically comes on gradually, and it affects both feet in about one-third of cases. The cause of plantar fasciitis is not entirely clear. Risk factors include overuse, such as from long periods of standing, an increase in exercise, and obesity. It is also associated with pronation of the foot, inward rolling of the foot, a tight Achilles tendon, and a sedentary lifestyle. It is unclear if calcaneal spur, heel spurs have a role in causing plantar fasciitis even though they are commonly present in people who have the condition. Plantar fasciitis is a disorder ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
