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Ensenhamen
An ''ensenhamen'' (; meaning "instruction" or "teaching") was an Old Occitan didactic (often lyric) poem associated with the troubadours. As a genre of Occitan literature, its limits have been open to debate since it was first defined in the 19th century. The word ''ensenhamen'' has many variations in old Occitan: ', ', ', and '. The ''ensenhamen'' had its own subgenres, such as "conduct literature" that told noblewomen the proper way to comport themselves and " mirror of princes" literature that told the nobleman how to be chivalrous. Besides these were types defining and encouraging courtly love and courtly behaviour, from topics as mundane as table manners to issues of sexual ethics. The earliest attestable ''ensenhamen'' was written around 1155 by Garin lo Brun. It is the ' ("Instruction of the girl"). Around 1170 Arnaut Guilhem de Marsan wrote the ' ("Instruction of the knight") for a warrior audience. A decade or so later Arnaut de Mareuil wrote a long, classically- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peire Lunel
Peire Lunel de Montech (fl. 1326–1384), also known as Cavalier Lunel or Peire de Lunel, was a lawyer, politician and author of Toulouse. His name indicates he was a knight (''cavalier'' in Occitan) from Montech.Also spelled Monteg. Occitan "ch" and final "g" are pronounced identically, similar to "tch" in English "catch". In his youth he was a troubadour. A '' canso'', a Crusading song, a ''sirventes'', an ''ensenhamen'' and some moralising '' coblas esparsas'' survive of his work. The Crusading song is dated to around 1326. It is a critique of King Charles IV for promising a Crusade and doing nothing. Lunel's ''sirventes'', was written at the height of the Black Death in 1348. In 1326 Lunel composed the ''Ensenhamen del garso'' ("instruction of the boy"), the latest surviving ''ensenhamen''. Written in '' arlabecca'' form, it is modeled on the ''Ensenhamen del escudier'' of Amanieu de Sescars. The boy (''garso'') for whom Lunel composed it was an aspiring poet looking for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanieu De Sescars
Amanieu de Sescars or Amanieu des Escàs (fl. 1278–1295) was a Catalan, possibly Gascon, troubadour of the late 13th century. Famous for his love songs in his own day, his contemporaries gave him the nickname ''dieu d'amor'' (god of love). He wrote two ''ensenhamens'' (didactic poems) and two '' saluts d'amor'' (love letters) that survive. The uncertainty about his origins stems from the fact that his poems refer extensively to Catalan people and places, but a singer of the same name is found signing a Gascon document of 1253. Whether the signatory of 1253 and the troubadour are one and the same is left open to doubt, but it is possible that Amanieu was a Catalan who was either born in or lived in Gascony, which was not uncommon at the time. His earliest datable work is also his shortest, the ''salut'' "A vos, que ieu am deszamatz", which was written 24 August 1278. His first ''ensenhamen'' was the "Ensenhamen del scudier" about a squire (''scudier'') who observes his noble ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guiraut De Cabreira
Guerau III de Cabrera (died 1160/61), also called Guiraut (or Giraut) de Cabreira, was a Catalan nobleman and Occitan troubadour. He was the viscount of Àger and Cabrera from 1145. He was the son of Ponç II de Cabrera and Sancha. Guerau is today most famous for his ''ensenhamen'', a long didactic poem written for his jongleur, Cabra. Cabra's name, which means goat and is related to the name of his master's viscounty (Cabrera), probably indicates that he was Guerau's herald, since heralds often took the names of the arms of their lords. Guerau's arms bore a goat. The ''ensenhamen'' is divided into 216 lines. The rhyme scheme is of two four-syllable rhyming lines followed by an octosyllabic line ending in ''-on'', repeated. The entire poem is basically a disorderly and wordy catalogue the things (names, songs, and stories) which Cabra ought to know in his capacity as public entertainer, but which in fact he does not know. The eruditeness of the work is impressive, giving evidenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Garin Lo Brun
Garin lo Brun or le Brun ( la, Garis Bruni; died 1156/1162) was an early Auvergnat troubadour. Life Garin lived in the Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay, where his family owned castles. He was himself lord of Châteauneuf-de-Randon in the Gévaudan and a vassal of Ermengarde of Narbonne and of Eleanor of Aquitaine.Ippolito, Marguerite-Marie. (2001). ''Bernard de Ventadour: Troubadour Limousin du XIIe siècle, Prince de l'Amour Courtois et de la Poésie Romane'' (L'Harmattan, ), p. 228Biffière, Félix. (1985). ''« Ce tant rude » Gévaudan'', 2 vol. (SLSA Lozère: Mende), I, p. 729 His origins were either in the Diocese of Mende or in Randon.Moulier, Pierre. (2001). ''Églises romanes de Haute-Auvergne'' (Editions Creer, ), p. 21 If he was of Randon, then his father was Garin (Guérin) de Randon, a vassal of Raymond Berengar III, Count of Barcelona, of whom Guérin and his brother Odilon held the castle of Randon. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Troubadour
A troubadour (, ; oc, trobador ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a '' trobairitz''. The troubadour school or tradition began in the late 11th century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread to the Italian and Iberian Peninsulas. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe: the Minnesang in Germany, '' trovadorismo'' in Galicia and Portugal, and that of the trouvères in northern France. Dante Alighieri in his '' De vulgari eloquentia'' defined the troubadour lyric as ''fictio rethorica musicaque poita'': rhetorical, musical, and poetical fiction. After the "classical" period around the turn of the 13th century and a mid-century resurgence, the art of the troubadours declined in the 14th century and around the time of the Black Death (1348) it died out. The texts of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occitan Literature
Occitan literature (referred to in older texts as Provençal literature) is a body of texts written in Occitan, mostly in the south of France. It was the first literature in a Romance language and inspired the rise of vernacular literature throughout medieval Europe. Occitan literature's Golden Age was in the 12th century, when a rich and complex body of lyrical poetry was produced by troubadours writing in Old Occitan, which still survives to this day. Although Catalan is considered by some a variety of Occitan, this article will not deal with Catalan literature, which started diverging from its Southern French counterpart in the late 13th century. Introduction Occitan literature started in the 11th century in several centres. It gradually spread from there, first over the greater portion (though not the whole) of southern France, into what is now the north of Italy and into Spain (Catalonia, Galicia, Castile), and Portugal. In its rise Occitan literature stands completely by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guiraut De Calanso
Giraut or Guiraut de Calanso or Calanson ( fl. 1202–1212)Gaunt and Kay, 286. was a Gascon troubadour in the Occitan language. Of his lyric works that remain five are ''cansos'', two '' descorts'', a '' congé'', a '' planh'', and a ''vers'' (generic poem). He also wrote a mock '' ensenhamen'' (didactic poem) entitled ''Fadet juglar''. Guiraut's hometown cannot be located. It may be a Calanso in Gascony or one of two locales named Chalançon, one in Ardèche and one in Drôme.Egan, 41. According to his '' vida'' he was originally a jongleur well-versed in letters. His ''vida'' indicates that he composed "skillful songs ''desplazens'' and ''descortz''." The meaning of ''desplazens'' is under dispute: it could refer to a type of verse expressing displeasure or be an adjective ("displeasing in tone") modifying "songs" (''cansos''). The author of the ''vida'' notes that these works were of the type ''d'aquella saison'', "of that time", and were disliked in Provence, where he was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cerverí De Girona
Cerverí de Girona (; fl. 1259 – 1285) was a Catalan troubadour born Guillem de Cervera in Girona. He was the most prolific troubadour, leaving behind some 114 lyric poems among other works, including an '' ensenhamen'' of proverbs for his son, totaling about 130. He was a court poet to James the Conqueror and Peter the Great. He wrote ''pastorelas'' and ''sirventes'' and his overriding concern was the complexities of court life. None of his music survives. Cerverí spent some time under the patronage and at the court of Hugh IV and Henry II of Rodez. He was in Spain in 1269, for he is found that year in the entourage of the then-''infante'' Peter the Great. With fellow troubadours Folquet de Lunel and Dalfinet he accompanied Peter to Toledo. On 26 April at Riello, near Cuenca, he received one ''solidus'' for his services. Cerverí's ''Cobla en sis lengatges'' ("Verse in six languages") copied the metre of either Folquet's ''Al bon rey q'es reys de pretz car'' or Sordel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
At De Mons
N'At de Mons was a troubadour of the latter half of the thirteenth century. He was from Mons, near Toulouse. Kings James I of Aragon (1213–76)According to some authors, it was actually James' son Peter III (1276–87). At addresses him as "noble rei aragones" (noble Aragonese king) and "bo seignor d'Arago" (good lord of Aragon) in his letters, but does not name him. and Alfonso X of Castile (1252–84) acted as his patrons and he addressed "La valors es grans e l'onors", a '' sirventes'' on the rights of kings, to James. At is also credited as the author of a ''cobla esparsa'' (single stanza), "Reys rix romieus mas man milhors". At's longest surviving work is "Sitot non es enquistz", an ''ensenhamen An ''ensenhamen'' (; meaning "instruction" or "teaching") was an Old Occitan didactic (often lyric) poem associated with the troubadours. As a genre of Occitan literature, its limits have been open to debate since it was first defined in the 19th ...'' comprising five letters, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnaut Guilhem De Marsan
Arnaut Guilhem (or Guillem) de Marsan (fl. 1160–1180) was a Landais nobleman and troubadour. He was descended from a cadet branch of the viscounts of Marsan and was himself lord of Roquefort and Montgaillard and co-lord of Marsan. Arnaut was a member of the 1170 escort of Eleanor, daughter of Henry II of England, from Bordeaux to the Spanish border for her marriage to Alfonso VIII of Castile. He is attested in a charter of Eleanor of Aquitaine. Arnaut Guilhem was also an Occitan lyric poet who composed one of the earliest ''ensenhamens'' or didactic poems: the ''Ensenhamen del cavalier'' (teaching of the cavalier). The medievalist Mark Johnston notes that his work is similar to that of another 12th-century troubadour poet, Garin lo Brun. According to an Occitan '' vida'', the troubadour Peire de Valeira was from Arnaut Guilhem's lands. Arnaut Guilhem was the ancestor of three branches of the house of Marsan through his three sons: the co-lords of Marsans and lords of Roque ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sordel
Sordello da Goito or Sordel de Goit (sometimes ''Sordell'') was a 13th-century Italian troubadour. His life and work have inspired several authors including Dante Alighieri, Robert Browning, and Samuel Beckett. Life Sordello was born in the municipality of Goito in the province of Mantua. About 1220 he was in a tavern brawl in Florence; and in 1226, while at the court of Richard of Bonifazio in Verona, he abducted his master's wife, Cunizza, at the instigation of her brother, Ezzelino III da Romano. The scandal resulted in his flight (1229) to Provence, where he seems to have remained for some time. He entered the service of Charles of Anjou, and probably accompanied him (1265) on his Naples expedition; in 1266 he was a prisoner in Naples. The last documentary mention of him is in 1269, and he is supposed to have died in Provence. His appearance in Dante Alighieri's ''Divine Comedy'' among the spirits of those who, though redeemed, were prevented from making a final confessio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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