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Engenho
''Engenho'' () is a colonial-era Portuguese term for a sugar cane mill and the associated facilities. In Spanish-speaking countries such as Cuba and Puerto Rico, they are called ''ingenios''. Both words mean ''engine'' (from latin ''ingenium''). The word engenho usually only referred to the mill, but it could also describe the area as a whole including land, a mill, the people who farmed and who had a knowledge of sugar production, and a crop of sugar cane. A large estate was required because of the massive amount of labor needed to yield refined sugar, molasses, or rum from raw sugar cane. These estates were prevalent in Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, and other countries in the Caribbean. Today, Brazil is still one of the world's major producers of sugar. Sugarcane in Brazil Sugarcane was not introduced to Brazil until the Portuguese established the production of it in the middle of the 16th century. They controlled the leading sugar industry in Madeira already, but the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trapiche
A trapiche is a mill made of wooden rollers used to extract juice from fruit, originally olives, and since the Middle Ages, sugar cane as well. By extension the word is also sometimes applied to the location of the mill, whether the workshop or the entire plantation. Etymology The word has its origin in the Latin '' trapetum'' that means oil mill. From the Sicilian language ''trappitu'' the term, crossing the Mozarab Valencia, with its typical change of termination to «-ig» via the Catalan language (''trapig'' -Gandía, 1536-, ''trapitz de canyamel'' -Mallorca, 1466-) has arrived to the other languages of the Iberian peninsula as ''trapiche''. In the documents of the Duke of Gandía from the beginning of the fifteen century, one can see the term «trapig de canyamel», as a synecdoche to indicate the whole village engenho. According to Herrera: ''"..es de notar que antiguamente no auuia azucar,ſino en Valencia"'' ("note that in the old days there was no sugar except in Valenci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Engenho Central Dec 30
''Engenho'' () is a colonial-era Portuguese term for a sugar cane mill and the associated facilities. In Spanish-speaking countries such as Cuba and Puerto Rico, they are called ''ingenios''. Both words mean ''engine'' (from latin ''ingenium''). The word engenho usually only referred to the mill, but it could also describe the area as a whole including land, a mill, the people who farmed and who had a knowledge of sugar production, and a crop of sugar cane. A large estate was required because of the massive amount of labor needed to yield refined sugar, molasses, or rum from raw sugar cane. These estates were prevalent in Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, and other countries in the Caribbean. Today, Brazil is still one of the world's major producers of sugar. Sugarcane in Brazil Sugarcane was not introduced to Brazil until the Portuguese established the production of it in the middle of the 16th century. They controlled the leading sugar industry in Madeira already, but they ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Engenho Vitória
Engenho Vitória is a Engenho, sugarcane mill founded in the nineteenth century, located on the banks of the Paraguaçu River in the countryside of Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil. History The year 1812 marks the beginning of the construction of Engenho Vitória, on the banks of the Paraguaçu River, an important watercourse in Bahia, near Cachoeira. The work was sponsored by the Commander (order), Commander Pedro Bandeira, an important merchant of his time and one of the pioneers in the use of steam navigation in Bahia. Built in the period of Colonial Brazil, the Engenho building is connected to the Slavery in Brazil, slavery process in Brazil, as it was a place that used slave labor during its operation as a sugar business. The mill consists of a three-level ''Sobrado (architecture), sobrado'', based on an architectural project that imagined the construction of the building with a "T" shape. The building includes covered access between the ''engenho'' and the ''Sobrado (architectur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cane Sugar Mill
A sugar cane mill is a factory that processes sugar cane to produce raw sugar or plantation white sugar. Some sugar mills are situated next to a back-end refinery, that turns raw sugar into (refined) white sugar. The term is also used to refer to the equipment that crushes the sticks of sugar cane to extract the juice. Production of raw sugar There are a number of steps in producing raw sugar from cane: # Harvest and transport to the sugar factory # Juice extraction (cane preparation followed by milling or diffusion) # Purification of the juice (remove suspended solids from the juice, typically mud, waxes, fibres) # Evaporation of water (to concentrate the juice to a thick syrup of about 65°brix) # Crystallization # Centrifugation (Separation of the sugar crystals from the mother liquor, done by centrifugal machines) # Storage of sugar and molasses These processing steps will produce a brown or raw sugar. Raw sugar is generally sent to a sugar refinery to produce white sug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fazenda
A ''fazenda'' () is a plantation found throughout Brazil during the colonial period (16th - 18th centuries). They were concentrated primarily in the northeastern region, where sugar was produced in the ''engenhos'', expanding during the 19th century in the southeastern region to coffee production. Nowadays ''fazenda'' denotes any kind of farm in Brazilian Portuguese and occasionally in other Portuguese varieties as well. ''Fazendas'' created major export commodities for Brazilian trade, but also led to intensification of slavery in Brazil. Coffee provided a new basis for agricultural expansion in southern Brazil. In the provinces of Rio de Janeiro and then São Paulo, coffee estates, or ''fazendas'', began to spread toward the interior as new lands were opened. By 1850 coffee made up more than 50% of Brazil's exports, which amounted to more than half of the world's coffee production. Along with the expansion of coffee growing came an intensification of slavery as the count ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atlantic Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of Slavery in Africa, enslaved African people to the Americas. European slave ships regularly used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage. Europeans established a coastal slave trade in the 15th century and trade to the Americas began in the 16th century, lasting through the 19th century. The vast majority of those who were transported in the transatlantic slave trade were from Central Africa and West Africa and had been sold by West African slave traders to European slave traders, while others had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids. European slave traders gathered and imprisoned the enslaved at slave fort, forts on the African coast and then brought them to the Americas. Some Portuguese and Europeans participated in slave raids. As the National Museums Liverpool explains: "European traders captured some Africans in raids along the coast, but bou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Sugar
The history of sugar has five main phases: # The extraction of sugar cane juice from the sugarcane plant, and the subsequent domestication of the plant in tropical India and Southeast Asia sometime around 4,000 Anno Domini, BC. # The invention of manufacture of cane sugar granules from sugarcane juice in India a little over two thousand years ago, followed by improvements in refining the crystal granules in Sugar industry in India, India in the early centuries AD. # The spread of cultivation and manufacture of cane sugar to the medieval Islamic world together with some improvements in production methods. # The spread of cultivation and manufacture of cane sugar to the West Indies and tropical parts of the Americas beginning in the 16th century, followed by more intensive improvements in production in the 17th through 19th centuries in that part of the world. # The development of sugar beet, beet sugar, high-fructose corn syrup and other sweeteners in the 19th and 20th centuries. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hilary McD
Hilary or Hillary may refer to: * Hilary (name), or Hilarie or Hillary, a given name and surname ** Hillary Clinton, American politician ** Edmund Hillary, one of the first to summit Mount Everest * Hillary Coast, Antarctica * Hilary term, the spring term at the Universities of Oxford and Dublin * ''Hikari no Densetsu'', a 1985 manga series, known in Italian as ''Hilary'' * ''Hillary'' (film), a 2020 American documentary film about Hillary Clinton * HMS ''Hilary'' *'' Hilary: the brave world of Hilary Pole'', 1972 book by Dorothy Clarke Wilson * List of storms named Hilary, the name of several storms * Hillary Montes, a mountain range on Pluto See also * Hillery (other) * Saint Hilary (other) * Saint-Hilaire (other) * Ilar (other), Welsh form of the name Hilary * Eleri (other), Welsh form of the name Hilarus * Hillarys, Western Australia Hillarys is a northern coastal suburb of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Verene A
Verene is a given name and surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Verene Shepherd (born 1960), Jamaican historian *Chris Verene Christopher Phillip Verene (born October 29, 1969) is an American fine arts and documentary photographer, performance artist, and musician. He is a professor of photography at the College of Staten Island, CUNY. Verene was awarded a Guggenheim ... (born 1969), American photographer, performance artist, and musician * Donald Phillip Verene (born 1937), American philosopher and writer See also * Vereen, given name and surname {{given name, type=both ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sugarcane
Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, Perennial plant, perennial grass (in the genus ''Saccharum'', tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar Sugar industry, production. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose, which accumulates in the Plant stem, stalk internodes. Sugarcanes belong to the grass family, Poaceae, an economically important flowering plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum, and many forage crops. It is native to New Guinea. Sugarcane was an ancient crop of the Austronesian people, Austronesian and Indigenous people of New Guinea, Papuan people. The best evidence available today points to the New Guinea area as the site of the original domestication of ''Saccharum officinarum''. It was introduced to Polynesia, Island Melanesia, and Madagascar in prehistoric times via Austronesian sailors. It was also introduced by Austronesian sailors to India and then to Southern China by 500 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese Language
Portuguese ( or ) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. It is the official language of Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe, and has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea and Macau. Portuguese-speaking people or nations are known as Lusophone (). As the result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese speakers is also found around the world. Portuguese is part of the Iberian Romance languages, Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia and the County of Portugal, and has kept some Gallaecian language, Celtic phonology. With approximately 250 million native speakers and 17 million second language speakers, Portuguese has approximately 267 million total speakers. It is usually listed as the List of languages by number of native speaker ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
