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Endospore Staining
Endospore staining is a technique used in bacteriology to identify the presence of endospores in a bacterial sample. Within bacteria, endospores are protective structures used to survive extreme conditions, including high temperatures making them highly resistant to chemicals. Endospores contain little or no ATP which indicates how dormant they can be. Endospores contain a tough outer coating made up of keratin which protects them from nucleic DNA as well as other adaptations. Endospores are able to regerminate into vegetative cells, which provides a protective nature that makes them difficult to stain using normal techniques such as simple staining and gram staining. Special techniques for endospore staining include the Schaeffer–Fulton stain and the Moeller stain. History Endospores were first studied in 1876 by scientists Cohn and Koch. It was found that endospores could not be stained using simple stains such as methylene blue, safranin, and carbol fuchsin. These scientis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OSC Microbio 02 04 Endospores
OSC may refer to: Organizations * ''Odborové sdružení československé,'' the Czechoslovak Trade Union Association * Office of Special Counsel (in the United States of America) * Ohio Supercomputer Center, a computing research facility in Columbus * Onslow County Schools, a school district in Onslow County, North Carolina * Ontario Science Centre, a science museum in Toronto, Canada * Ontario Securities Commission, a securities regulatory agency * Open Source Center, a United States government center that provides analysis of open-source intelligence * Orbital Sciences Corporation, a satellite-oriented company * Order of Saint Clare, a Religious Order founded by Clare of Assisi whose members use the post-nominal letters O.S.C. * Ordo Sanctae Crucis or Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross, a Roman Catholic religious order commonly called Crosiers * Orlando Science Center, a science-education establishment in Florida * Overseas School of Colombo, a multinational Englis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillus Anthracis
''Bacillus anthracis'' is a gram-positive and rod-shaped bacterium that causes anthrax, a deadly disease to livestock and, occasionally, to humans. It is the only permanent (obligate) pathogen within the genus ''Bacillus''. Its infection is a type of zoonosis, as it is transmitted from animals to humans. It was discovered by a German physician Robert Koch in 1876, and became the first bacterium to be experimentally shown as a pathogen. The discovery was also the first scientific evidence for the germ theory of diseases. ''B. anthracis'' measures about 3 to 5 μm long and 1 to 1.2 μm wide. The reference genome consists of a 5,227,419 bp circular chromosome and two extrachromosomal DNA plasmids, pXO1 and pXO2, of 181,677 and 94,830 bp respectively, which are responsible for the pathogenicity. It forms a protective layer called endospore by which it can remain inactive for many years and suddenly becomes infective under suitable environmental conditions. Because of the resilience ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microbiology Techniques
Microbiology () is the branches of science, scientific study of microorganisms, those being of unicellular organism, unicellular (single-celled), multicellular organism, multicellular (consisting of complex cells), or non-cellular life, acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology, and parasitology. The organisms that constitute the microbial world are characterized as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes; eukaryote, Eukaryotic microorganisms possess membrane-bound organelles and include fungi and protists, whereas prokaryote, prokaryotic organisms are conventionally classified as lacking membrane-bound organelles and include Bacteria and Archaea. Microbiologists traditionally relied on culture, staining, and microscopy for the isolation and identification of microorganisms. However, less than 1% of the microorganisms present in common environments can be cultured in isolation using c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distilled Water
Distilled water is water that has been purified by boiling it into vapor then condensing it back into liquid in a separate container. Impurities in the original water that do not boil below or near the boiling point of water remain in the original container. History Drinking water has been distilled from seawater since at least about AD 200, when the process was clearly described by Alexander of Aphrodisias. Its history predates this, as a passage in Aristotle's '' Meteorologica'' refers to the distillation of water. Captain Israel Williams of the ''Friendship'' (1797) improvised a way to distill water, which he described in his journal. Applications In chemical and biological laboratories, as well as in industry, in some appliances, deionized water or reverse osmosis water can be used instead of distilled water as a cheaper alternative. If exceptionally high-purity water is required, double distilled water is used. In general, non-purified water could cause or interfere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ziehl–Neelsen Stain
The Ziehl-Neelsen stain, also known as the acid-fast stain, is a bacteriological staining technique used in cytopathology and microbiology to identify acid-fast bacteria under microscopy, particularly members of the ''Mycobacterium'' genus. This staining method was initially introduced by Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) and subsequently modified by the German bacteriologists Franz Ziehl (1859–1926) and Friedrich Neelsen (1854–1898) during the late 19th century. The acid-fast staining method, in conjunction with auramine phenol staining, serves as the standard diagnostic tool and is widely accessible for rapidly diagnosing tuberculosis (caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'') and other diseases caused by atypical mycobacteria, such as leprosy (caused by ''Mycobacterium leprae'') and ''Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare'' infection (caused by ''Mycobacterium avium'' complex) in samples like sputum, gastric washing fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These acid-fast bact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycobacterium
''Mycobacterium'' is a genus of over 190 species in the phylum Actinomycetota, assigned its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (''Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis'') and leprosy (''Mycobacterium leprae, M. leprae'') in humans. The Greek language, Greek prefix ''myco-'' means 'fungus', alluding to this genus' Mold (fungus), mold-like colony surfaces. Since this genus has cell walls with a waxy lipid-rich outer layer containing high concentrations of mycolic acid, acid-fast staining is used to emphasize their resistance to acids, compared to other cell types. Mycobacterial species are generally aerobic, non-motile, and capable of growing with minimal nutrition. The genus is divided based on each species' pigment production and growth rate. While most ''Mycobacterium'' species are non-pathogenic, the genus' characteristic complex cell wall contributes to evasion from host defenses. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Safranin
Safranin (Safranin O or basic red 2) is a biological stain used in histology and cytology. Safranin is used as a counterstain in some staining protocols, colouring cell nuclei red. This is the classic counterstain in both Gram stains and endospore staining. It can also be used for the detection of cartilage, mucin and mast cell granules. Safranin typically has the chemical structure shown at right (sometimes described as dimethyl safranin). There is also trimethyl safranin, which has an added methyl group in the ''ortho-'' position (see Arene substitution pattern) of the lower ring. Both compounds behave essentially identically in biological staining applications, and most manufacturers of safranin do not distinguish between the two. Commercial safranin preparations often contain a blend of both types. Safranin is also used as redox indicator in analytical chemistry. Safranines Safranines are the azonium compounds of symmetrical 2,8-dimethyl-3,7-diaminophenazine. They ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malachite Green
Malachite green is an organic compound that is used as a dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye for materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Despite its name the dye is not prepared from the mineral malachite; the name just comes from the similarity of color. Structures and properties Malachite green is classified in the dyestuff industry as a triarylmethane dye and also using in pigment industry. Formally, malachite green refers to the chloride salt , although the term malachite green is used loosely and often just refers to the colored cation. The oxalate salt is also marketed. The anions have no effect on the color. The intense green color of the cation results from a strong absorption band at 621 nm ( extinction coefficient of ). Malachite green is prepared by the condensation of benzaldehyde and dimethylaniline to give leuco malachite green (LMG): : Second, this colorless leuco compound, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mordant
A mordant or dye fixative is a substance used to set (i.e., bind) dyes on fabrics. It does this by forming a coordination complex with the dye, which then attaches to the fabric (or tissue). It may be used for dyeing fabrics or for intensifying stains in cell or tissue preparations. Although mordants are still used, especially by small batch dyers, they have been largely displaced in industry by substantive dyes.} The term mordant comes from the Latin ''mordere'', "to bite". In the past, it was thought that a mordant helped the dye "bite" onto the fiber so that it would hold fast during washing. A mordant is often a polyvalent metal ion, and one example is chromium (III). The resulting coordination complex of dye and ion is colloidal and can be either acidic or alkaline. Common dye mordants Mordants include tannic acid, oxalic acid, alum, chrome alum, sodium chloride, and certain salts of aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, iodine, potassium, sodium, tungsten, and tin. Io ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malachite Green
Malachite green is an organic compound that is used as a dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye for materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Despite its name the dye is not prepared from the mineral malachite; the name just comes from the similarity of color. Structures and properties Malachite green is classified in the dyestuff industry as a triarylmethane dye and also using in pigment industry. Formally, malachite green refers to the chloride salt , although the term malachite green is used loosely and often just refers to the colored cation. The oxalate salt is also marketed. The anions have no effect on the color. The intense green color of the cation results from a strong absorption band at 621 nm ( extinction coefficient of ). Malachite green is prepared by the condensation of benzaldehyde and dimethylaniline to give leuco malachite green (LMG): : Second, this colorless leuco compound, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridioides Difficile (bacteria)
''Clostridioides'' is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, which includes ''Clostridioides difficile (bacteria), Clostridioides difficile'', a human pathogen causing an infectious diarrhea. Taxonomy The genus ''Clostridioides'' was created to describe a few species formerly in the genus ''Clostridium'' which have been shown to be their own genetically distinct genus using 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. However, both names are still in use and valid under the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Since ''Metaclostridioides mangenotii, C. mangenotii'' was further separated into a distinct genus in 2024, ''Clostridioides'' is a monotypic genus. Description They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores. The normal, reproducing cells of ''Clostridioides'', called the vegetative form, are Bacillus (shape), rod-shaped, which gives them their name, from the Greek (language), Greek κλωστήρ or spindle. ''Clostridioides'' endospores, like ''Clostridium'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Botulinum
''Clostridium botulinum'' is a Gram-positive bacteria, gram-positive, Bacillus (shape), rod-shaped, Anaerobic organism, anaerobic, endospore, spore-forming, Motility, motile bacterium with the ability to produce botulinum toxin, which is a neurotoxin. ''C. botulinum'' is a diverse group of pathogenic bacteria. Initially, they were grouped together by their ability to produce botulinum toxin and are now known as four distinct groups, ''C. botulinum'' groups I–IV. Along with some strains of ''Clostridium butyricum'' and ''Clostridium baratii'', these bacteria all produce the toxin. Botulinum toxin can cause botulism, a severe Flaccid paralysis, flaccid paralytic disease in humans and other animals, and is the most potent toxin known to science, natural or synthetic, with a lethal dose of 1.3–2.1 ng/kg in humans.(2010). Chapter 19. ''Clostridium'', ''Peptostreptococcus'', ''Bacteroides'', and Other Anaerobes. In Ryan K.J., Ray C (Eds), ''Sherris Medical Microbiology'', 5th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
